Cause-variations in neonatal mortality across Europe and Africa; evidence from a 20-year retrospective dataset and clinical practice guidelines

www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S277265332500070X

Author links open overlay panelFrank Adusei-Mensah ^a

, Ahmed Ould Boudia ^b

, Richard Osei Agjei ^ce

, Luqman Awoniyi ^de

, Ismaila Temitayo Sanusi ^e

, Jussi Kauhanen ^aShow moreAdd to MendeleyShareCite

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dialog.2025.100272Get rights and content

Under a Creative Commons license

Open access

Abstract

Background

Global health disparities highlight significant inequities between regions such as Africa and Europe. This present study aims to: (i) compare the trends of the leading causes of neonatal mortalities across Europe and Africa over the past two decades; (ii) analyze the impact of clinical practice guidelines on neonatal mortality trends; and (iii) explore variations in cause-specific neonatal mortality rates between the regions.

Methods

Recent mortality data (2002−2022) were extracted from the WHO database on neonatal mortality for WHO member countries. A comparative non-parametric statistical analysis was conducted on the dataset. Additionally, a scoping review of clinical practice guidelines for both continents was performed, followed by a trend analysis and interrupted time series analysis to explore the impact of these guidelines on neonatal mortality rates.

Results

We observed marked regional differences in the causes of neonatal mortality. In Africa, rates were notably high for conditions including birth asphyxia, prematurity, and infections. Europe showed lower mortality levels with more stable trends. A steady decline in European mortality was significantly associated with a higher volume of published clinical practice guidelines compared to Africa.

Conclusion

Neonatal mortality trends differ significantly between Europe and Africa, with declining rates in Europe and stable or rising rates in Africa. Regional variation in leading causes is evident. The presence of context-specific clinical guidelines is linked to improved outcomes, underscoring the need for tailored, evidence-based interventions.

• Previous article in issue
• Next article in issue

Keywords

Neonatal mortality

Clinical practice guidelines

Health disparity

Africa

Europe

1. Introduction

Neonatal mortality remains a major public health concern, with pronounced regional disparities, particularly between Europe and Africa [[1], [2], [3], [4], [5], [6], [7]]. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that 2.4 million newborn deaths occur annually, with the majority concentrated in low- and middle-income countries [8]. Despite notable improvements in Europe, many African nations continue to experience high neonatal mortality rates [2,3], largely due to systemic challenges in healthcare infrastructure, socioeconomic conditions, and access to care [[9], [10], [11], [12]].

This disparity is evident in the unequal burden of infectious diseases such as lower respiratory infections (LRI), birth asphyxia and trauma (BAT), and sepsis (SEP), which disproportionately affect African countries [8]. These differences reflect not only unequal healthcare resource distribution but also divergent disease burdens, influencing resource allocation and the development of clinical practice guidelines [[4], [13], [14], [15], [16], [17], [18], [19], [20], [21]].

Cultural norms, educational attainment, and political and economic stability significantly influence maternal and neonatal health outcomes [9]. In Africa, poverty and limited access to education exacerbate health risks, while in Europe, higher income levels, supportive policies, and education are associated with reduced neonatal mortality. Malaria and HIV, more prevalent in Africa, pose serious risks to newborns [5], whereas Europe has mitigated these threats through immunisation campaigns and effective public health strategies. Nonetheless, lower respiratory tract infections remain a concern in both regions [[6], [9]].

Although numerous studies have examined neonatal mortality in Europe and Africa, few have combined retrospective data analysis with a review of clinical practice guidelines. Most existing research focuses on individual causes within regions, lacking direct comparative analysis [[2], [6], [7], [12], [15], [16], [17], [21], [22], [23], [24]]. This gap highlights the need for a comprehensive study that compares leading causes of neonatal mortality across both continents and evaluates the influence of clinical guideline trends.

The present study addresses this gap by analysing mortality causes in Europe and Africa over the past two decades, supported by a scoping review of clinical practice guidelines for neonates, infants, and childcare from 1990 to January 2025. It contrasts the two regions, emphasising global health disparities and focusing on underexplored causes such as BAT and LRI.

By integrating retrospective WHO mortality data with a scoping review, this study aims to determine whether temporal patterns in policy development align with neonatal mortality trends and to identify regional discrepancies that could inform targeted health interventions.

1.1. Aims of the study

• -To compare the leading causes of neonatal mortality across European and African regions over the past two decades.
• -To analyze the impact of clinical practice guidelines on neonatal mortality rate.
• -To identify variations in neonatal mortality causes between the two regions, focusing on health-related causes such as birth asphyxia, trauma, and lower respiratory infections.

2. Methods

2.1. Empirical evaluation

2.1.1. Setting

Data on neonatal deaths by cause across WHO regions (Africa and Europe) were obtained from the World Health Organization’s Maternal, Newborn, Child, and Adolescent Health and Ageing Database, which has been maintained since 1990. This database comprises high-quality, verified data reported by national health ministries or agencies of WHO member states, ensuring its reliability for routine monitoring. The indicator “Number of neonatal deaths by cause” captures deaths occurring within the first 28 days of life, categorised by specific causes as defined by ICD-10 codes. Primary data sources include civil registration systems with at least 80 % coverage and medical certification of cause of death. In regions lacking comprehensive civil registration data, nationally representative epidemiological studies were used, including specialised studies based on verbal autopsies and other validated methodologies. Data collection occurs biennially. The present study is therefore based on robust, high-quality data collected using evidence-based methods [25,26].

2.1.2. Data source and quality

Cause-specific neonatal mortality data for WHO member countries were obtained from the World Health Organization’s Maternal, Newborn, Child, and Adolescent Health and Ageing Database. The dataset includes annual mortality rates from 2002 to 2022, covering deaths occurring within the first 28 days of life. Data are categorised by ICD-10-coded causes and derived either from complete civil registration systems or validated epidemiological models where registration data are unavailable. The unit of analysis in this study was each country’s annual neonatal mortality rate by specific cause. Countries within the African and European WHO regions were included, and mortality rates per 1000 live births were recorded for causes such as birth asphyxia and trauma, prematurity, sepsis, lower respiratory infections, HIV/AIDS, congenital anomalies, diarrhoeal diseases, and others.

2.1.3. Descriptive analysis

Descriptive statistics were used to summarise cause-specific neonatal mortality data for each region. Measures included the mean, standard deviation, range, and interquartile percentiles (25th, 50th/ median, and 75th), allowing for an assessment of central tendency and dispersion. These results provided insight into the most burdensome causes and the variability of mortality patterns within and between regions.

2.1.4. Normality and variance testing

To evaluate the distributional characteristics of the data, the Shapiro–Wilk test was applied to determine whether cause-specific mortality rates followed a normal distribution in each region. Due to the prevalence of non-normally distributed variables, non-parametric methods were deemed appropriate for further analysis. Levene’s test was used to assess the homogeneity of variances across causes. Both tests confirmed violations of normality and equal variance assumptions, supporting the use of non-parametric approaches.

2.1.5. Comparative analysis

Statistical differences in mortality rates among causes were assessed using the Kruskal–Wallis H test within each region. This test evaluates whether distributions differ significantly across multiple groups. Where significant results were found, pairwise comparisons were conducted using the Mann–Whitney U test to identify specific differences between causes. For example, comparisons were made between mortality rates due to lower respiratory infections and HIV/AIDS. All analyses were performed separately for African and European datasets using SPSS (v25) software.

2.1.6. Data visualization

To enhance interpretation of the findings, neonatal mortality data were visualized using heatmaps, with countries represented as rows and causes of death as columns. Colour gradients indicated the intensity of mortality rates. Time-trend graphs were generated to illustrate changes in the leading causes of neonatal mortality between 2012 and 2022.

Publication trends of clinical practice guidelines were plotted for both regions from 1990 to 2025, enabling assessment of alignment between policy development and mortality patterns. Additionally, an interrupted time series analysis was conducted to evaluate the potential impact of clinical practice guidelines on neonatal mortality rates. For this analysis and due to the very low numbers of CPGs from the African region, the 178 CPGs were treated as a unit without separation for the ITS analysis.

2.1.7. Methodological assumptions and limitations

This study treats each country-year as an independent observation. However, it is acknowledged that repeated annual measures from the same countries may introduce temporal correlation. Non-parametric tests such as the Kruskal–Wallis and Mann–Whitney U assume independence of observations, and this assumption may be partially violated.

While the analytical approach is appropriate for exploring broad trends in non-normally distributed data, future research should consider longitudinal or mixed-effects models to account for intra-country dependence and more accurately estimate temporal effects.

2.1.8. Summary of statistical analysis

We conducted a comparative non-parametric statistical analysis of neonatal mortality causes in Europe and Africa from 2002 to 2022. The analysis was performed using SPSS version 25, utilizing the Mann-Whitney U test, and Kruskal-Wallis test.

• -Descriptive Statistics: We calculated the mean, median, standard deviation, range, and percentiles (50th (median), and 75th) for each mortality cause to understand the distribution and variability of the data.
• -Normality and Variance Tests: The Shapiro-Wilk test was used to assess the normality of the data (supplementary file), while Levene’s test evaluated the homogeneity of variances across different causes.
• -Comparative Analysis: The Kruskal-Wallis’ test performed to determine statistical differences in mortality rates between multiple groups. For pairwise comparisons, the Mann-Whitney U test was used to identify specific differences between causes.
• -Data Visualization: Mortality rates were visualized using heatmaps, with countries as rows and causes of mortality as columns, to illustrate cause-specific mortality trends across nations.

2.2. Scoping of clinical practice guidelines for neonates and children in Africa and Europe (1st January 1990 – 31st January 2025)

The aim of the search was to provide further context for discussion and to generate hypotheses regarding the marked differences in neonatal mortality between Europe and Africa. The search was conducted on 31st February 2025 and covered studies published between 1 January 1990 and 31st January 2025. Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) terms were developed and combined using Boolean operators (‘AND’, ‘OR’). The search strategy was adapted for each database. An example of the PubMed search string is as follows:

((((Neonatal mortality) OR (Neonatal health)) AND (Health guidelines)) OR (Health polic)) AND (Africa)) OR (Europe)*. Filters applied included: Directory, Government Publication, Guideline, Legislation, Practice Guideline, and Technical Report, limited to the period 1990–2025.

Four databases and one international journal on health policy were searched for relevant studies. The search, conducted on 1 February 2025, yielded a total of 8018 documents. Filters were applied to include only practice guidelines, technical reports, and policy documents (see Supplementary File 1). The number of records retrieved from each source was as follows:

CINAHL (EBSCO): 17, Web of Science: 2610, PubMed: 6709, and Journal of Health Policy: 170. These results are summarised in the PRISMA flow diagram (Fig. 2).

2.2.1. Inclusion and exclusion criteria

To be included, the study must be a clinical practice or policy guideline, it targets neonates, infants or children. It targets Africa, Europe, countries within Africa and or Europe, it is published between 1990 and January 2025, the publication is done in English language, and it is a peer-reviewed study. Studies that did not meet these criteria as were as previously reviewed studies were excluded.

2.2.2. Screening and data extraction

The retrieved documents (n = 8418) were exported to Zotero reference manager application, where duplicates (n = 3014) were automatically identified and merged. A two-staged text-mining process was then conducted within Zotero. In the first phase, publications related to health policy, guidelines, or practice guidelines were identified using key terms such as “guideline*” and “policy”. This resulted in the selection of 3212 articles.

The second phase involved refining the selection to documents ‘3212’ specifically targeting neonatal and child health. Search terms included “children/child/ childhood (child*, n = 138), baby/babies/babe (bab*, n = 5), infant/infants (infant*, n = 24), neonate/neonates/neonatal (neonat*, n = 25), newborn (n = 13) and under 5 (n = 0). This yielded a total of 205 documents. Of these (n = 205), 20 were identified as duplicates during the second screening, and 7 were reviews of existing guidelines. The final number of documents included in the review was 178 (see Fig. 2).

3. Results

3.1. General trends in the leading causes of neonatal mortality across the two continents from 2012 to 2022

From Fig. 1 (a), a steady decline in mortality rates for most neonatal mortality causes in Europe from 2012 to 2022 is observed, particularly for lower respiratory infections (LRI). Other causes like birth asphyxia and trauma (BAT), congenital conditions (CON), and gastrointestinal diseases (OG1) also show a downward trend. Mortality from malaria (MAL), measles (MEA), HIV, and tuberculosis (TUB) remained very low throughout the period. This decline suggests sustained interventions for reducing neonatal mortality in the region.

In contrast, Fig. 1 (b) shows consistently high mortality rates in Africa for causes like LRI and BAT from 2012 to 2022. Preterm birth complications (PRE) and OG1 also remain high, while MAL, MEA, and TUB have lower rates. This indicates limited progress in reducing mortality due to multiple factors, both known and emerging challenges.

3.2. Descriptive statistics of the major causes of neonatal mortality across the regions

Descriptive statistics show clear regional disparities in neonatal mortality between Europe and Africa (Table 1). In Europe, preterm birth complications (PRE) and congenital conditions (CON) are the leading causes, with PRE having the highest mean (241.93). Most other causes, like HIV, malaria, and measles, show near-zero means, reflecting effective prevention. Lower respiratory infections (LRI) and gastrointestinal diseases (OG1) show moderate means with some variability.

Table 1. Descriptive statistics of health-related causes in Europe and Africa.

Conditions	Europe					Africa
Causes	mean	median	std	range	75 %	mean	median	std	range	75 %
BAT	89.02	27.04	188.62	1264.76	62.67	5035.7	2853.0	10,826.0	13,258.3	1328.0
CON	137.62	58.79	203.46	1001.64	110.12	1135.1	640.4	1790.1	7224.7	400.1
DIA	0.68	0.00	3.88	31.99	0.00	419.5	140.8	1036.1	319.5	24.8
HIV	0.07	0.00	0.37	4.05	0.00	29.3	8.0	55.2	2115.0	74.6
INJ	4.86	1.27	13.57	132.20	3.28	80.6	34.4	201.9	49,235.2	2070.8
LRI	18.80	2.51	51.90	325.44	7.57	2361.1	866.4	6854.8	1.3	0.0
MAL	0.00	0.00	0.03	1.06	0.00	0.0	0.0	0.1	0.0	0.0
MEA	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.0	0.0	0.0	5385.0	168.2
MEN	1.68	0.00	5.08	35.99	0.62	212.7	60.6	653.8	29,582.8	2179.2
OG1	60.44	16.58	106.76	652.97	46.21	1982.5	1151.4	4006.7	51,261.1	8433.8
PRE	241.93	86.47	423.09	2554.10	212.64	6578.4	4649.2	8911.3	41,677.2	1597.2
SEP	27.71	7.56	48.36	252.51	22.13	1837.1	661.1	5670.4	5638.6	109.1
TET	0.17	0.00	0.82	8.37	0.00	178.4	26.2	562.5	0.0	0.0
TUB	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0

In contrast, Africa bears a much heavier burden. PRE and birth asphyxia and trauma (BAT) dominate, with extremely high means (6578.4 and 5035.7), indicating systemic healthcare challenges. Other causes like LRI, OG1, HIV, and tetanus also show significantly higher mortality. The data highlight the need for targeted, cause-specific interventions in Africa [21], [27], [28].

3.3. Distribution of mortality and non-parametric statistical analysis

To assess the significance of the difference, a statistical analysis was performed. However, due to a non-normal distribution pattern evidenced the Shapiro-Wilk’s normality test with p less than 0.05, a non-parametric Mann-Whitney U test was chosen.

The non-parametric analysis highlights significant differences in neonatal mortality causes between Africa and Europe (Table 2). Levene’s and Kruskal-Wallis tests confirm high variability and statistically significant differences across all causes in both regions (p < 0.001). Pairwise Mann-Whitney U tests further reveal that nearly all cause comparisons are statistically significant, with extremely small p-values (p < 0.001), indicating distinct distributions. In Africa, causes like prematurity (PRE), birth asphyxia and trauma (BAT), and lower respiratory infections (LRI) differ markedly from others, reflecting a broad and uneven burden. Similarly, in Europe, PRE and congenital anomalies (CON) stand out significantly from lower impact causes like HIV, malaria, and measles. These findings underscore the heterogeneity in neonatal mortality patterns observed in sections 3.1 & 3.2.

Table 2. Statistical analysis of neonatal mortality causes in Africa and Europe.

Non-parametric analysis for cause of neonatal death between Africa and Europe.
Cause	Test	Africa		Europe
Empty Cell	Empty Cell	Statistic	P-value	Statistic	P-value
All Causes	Levene	176.6434	0	222.4366	0
All Causes	Kruskal-Wallis	11,605.6	0	9270.568	0
ALRI vs BABT	Mann-Whitney U	402,539	1.82E-49	180,231	6.75E-103
ALRI vs CA	Mann-Whitney U	691,011	6.02E-05	140,589	6.99E-138
ALRI vs DD	Mann-Whitney U	935,398	1.94E-88	737,078	1.99E-201
ALRI vs HIV	Mann-Whitney U	1,159,447	2.32E-261	726,137	1.94E-171
ALRI vs Inj	Mann-Whitney U	1,100,269	1.06E-206	503,886.5	1.34E-11
ALRI vs Mal	Mann-Whitney U	1,258,137	0	756,512	2.15E-235
ALRI vs Mea	Mann-Whitney U	1,258,323	0	756,756	6.33E-236
ALRI vs M/E	Mann-Whitney U	1,024,502	3.90E-146	659,586.5	3.71E-100
ALRI vs OG1/NCD	Mann-Whitney U	589,274	0.008861	227,364	4.69E-68
ALRI vs Prem	Mann-Whitney U	323,562	2.17E-88	114,538	1.24E-163
ALRI vs Sepsis	Mann-Whitney U	694,575	2.19E-05	282,884.5	2.67E-36
ALRI vs Tet	Mann-Whitney U	1,065,948	5.82E-178	738,955	1.22E-201
ALRI vs TB	Mann-Whitney U	1,258,323	0	756,756	6.33E-236
BABT vs CA	Mann-Whitney U	898,223	1.12E-68	316,884.5	8.66E-22
BABT vs DD	Mann-Whitney U	1,072,127	5.55E-183	817,627	6.71E-292
BABT vs HIV	Mann-Whitney U	1,216,086	0	816,528	4.28E-273
BABT vs Inj	Mann-Whitney U	1,180,887	9.39E-283	731,921.5	1.55E-156
BABT vs Mal	Mann-Whitney U	1,258,884	0	825,976	0
BABT vs Mea	Mann-Whitney U	1,258,884	0	826,056	0
BABT vs M/E	Mann-Whitney U	1,141,340	5.98E-244	789,621.5	1.72E-230
BABT vs OG1/NCD	Mann-Whitney U	837,092.5	1.03E-41	487,903	1.03E-07
BABT vs Prem	Mann-Whitney U	501,336	6.97E-17	284,605	2.43E-35
BABT vs Sepsis	Mann-Whitney U	896,461	8.36E-68	581,232.5	2.68E-41
BABT vs Tet	Mann-Whitney U	1,157,649	1.30E-259	820,145	1.85E-293
BABT vs TB	Mann-Whitney U	1,258,884	0	826,056	0
CA vs DD	Mann-Whitney U	929,898	2.35E-85	826,927	7.20E-304
CA vs HIV	Mann-Whitney U	1,192,706	6.52E-295	825,802	6.11E-285
CA vs Inj	Mann-Whitney U	1,127,409	5.76E-231	761,389.5	1.03E-187
CA vs Mal	Mann-Whitney U	1,258,884	0	832,463	0
CA vs Mea	Mann-Whitney U	1,258,884	0	832,524	0
CA vs M/E	Mann-Whitney U	1,040,588	4.14E-158	806,275	3.59E-251
CA vs OG1/NCD	Mann-Whitney U	522,000	2.54E-12	579,742	1.56E-40
CA vs Prem	Mann-Whitney U	278,625	1.17E-115	364,919.5	6.56E-08
CA vs Sepsis	Mann-Whitney U	631,667	0.884749	641,242.5	5.71E-78
CA vs Tet	Mann-Whitney U	1,083,359	2.84E-192	828,166	1.47E-303
CA vs TB	Mann-Whitney U	1,258,884	0	832,524	0
DD vs HIV	Mann-Whitney U	979,410	3.93E-115	358,228.5	2.11E-23
DD vs Inj	Mann-Whitney U	870,339	1.57E-55	136,598	2.38E-181
DD vs Mal	Mann-Whitney U	1,207,907	0	449,070.5	5.94E-12
DD vs Mea	Mann-Whitney U	1,208,394	0	449,526	1.32E-12
DD vs M/E	Mann-Whitney U	769,976	5.29E-20	307,032	1.66E-51
DD vs OG1/NCD	Mann-Whitney U	289,686	1.31E-108	51,697	4.96E-273
DD vs Prem	Mann-Whitney U	127,102	5.11E-235	16,707.5	0
DD vs Sepsis	Mann-Whitney U	352,298	6.63E-73	55,290	7.23E-268
DD vs Tet	Mann-Whitney U	833,161	3.14E-40	420,055.5	0.153159
DD vs TB	Mann-Whitney U	1,208,394	0	449,526	1.32E-12
HIV vs Inj	Mann-Whitney U	418,268	4.41E-43	149,856	8.37E-150
HIV vs Mal	Mann-Whitney U	1,232,637	0	521,975	1.42E-51
HIV vs Mea	Mann-Whitney U	1,234,200	0	522,522	2.31E-52
HIV vs M/E	Mann-Whitney U	349,209	1.71E-74	352,206.5	2.10E-16
HIV vs OG1/NCD	Mann-Whitney U	72,081	8.27E-289	52,694	2.62E-254
HIV vs Prem	Mann-Whitney U	23,922	0	15,829.5	1.32E-300
HIV vs Sepsis	Mann-Whitney U	91,059	1.28E-269	55,977	6.67E-250
HIV vs Tet	Mann-Whitney U	453,517	1.99E-30	487,900.5	6.03E-18
HIV vs TB	Mann-Whitney U	1,234,200	0	522,522	2.31E-52
Inj vs Mal	Mann-Whitney U	1,257,796	0	739,835	9.06E-219
Inj vs Mea	Mann-Whitney U	1,258,323	0	740,124	2.33E-219
Inj vs M/E	Mann-Whitney U	501,004.5	5.80E-17	624,264	1.53E-73
Inj vs OG1/NCD	Mann-Whitney U	117,220.5	2.96E-244	163,576.5	2.60E-117
Inj vs Prem	Mann-Whitney U	51,451	2.0350290061258e-310	69,513.5	8.43E-214
Inj vs Sepsis	Mann-Whitney U	165,748	1.51E-200	201,468	1.71E-86
Inj vs Tet	Mann-Whitney U	631,844.5	0.875623	716,946	6.44E-179
Inj vs TB	Mann-Whitney U	1,258,323	0	740,124	2.33E-219
Mal vs Mea	Mann-Whitney U	633,930	0.004618	427,350	0.317835
Mal vs M/E	Mann-Whitney U	11,846	0	283,205	6.26E-82
Mal vs OG1/NCD	Mann-Whitney U	0	0	40,762	1.12E-296
Mal vs Prem	Mann-Whitney U	0	0	11,592.5	0
Mal vs Sepsis	Mann-Whitney U	52	0	40,772	1.16E-296
Mal vs Tet	Mann-Whitney U	42,912	0	397,319.5	1.07E-15
Mal vs TB	Mann-Whitney U	633,930	0.004618	427,350	0.317835
Mea vs M/E	Mann-Whitney U	11,220	0	282,744	1.17E-82
Mea vs OG1/NCD	Mann-Whitney U	0	0	40,656	5.21E-297
Mea vs Prem	Mann-Whitney U	0	0	11,550	0
Mea vs Sepsis	Mann-Whitney U	0	0	40,656	5.21E-297
Mea vs Tet	Mann-Whitney U	42,075	0	396,858	2.33E-16
Mea vs TB	Mann-Whitney U	629,442	1	426,888	1
M/E vs OG1/NCD	Mann-Whitney U	195,979	1.64E-175	88,650	5.31E-202
M/E vs Prem	Mann-Whitney U	77,824	6.26E-283	33,157	3.46E-269
M/E vs Sepsis	Mann-Whitney U	250,490	1.27E-134	102,991.5	2.08E-185
M/E vs Tet	Mann-Whitney U	730,362	4.82E-11	542,608	1.41E-46
M/E vs TB	Mann-Whitney U	1,247,664	0	571,032	1.17E-82
OG1/NCD vs Prem	Mann-Whitney U	338,744	5.12E-80	245,847.5	3.88E-56
OG1/NCD vs Sepsis	Mann-Whitney U	734,649	7.11E-12	517,861.5	2.10E-15
OG1/NCD vs Tet	Mann-Whitney U	1,099,214	8.61E-206	805,488	9.16E-276
OG1/NCD vs TB	Mann-Whitney U	1,258,884	0	813,120	5.21E-297
Prem vs Sepsis	Mann-Whitney U	972,212	1.68E-110	674,572	1.91E-103
Prem vs Tet	Mann-Whitney U	1,192,246	1.92E-294	838,998.5	0
Prem vs TB	Mann-Whitney U	1,258,884	0	842,226	0
Sepsis vs Tet	Mann-Whitney U	1,054,186	1.31E-168	803,313	1.25E-272
Sepsis vs TB	Mann-Whitney U	1,258,884	0	813,120	5.21E-297
Tet vs TB	Mann-Whitney U	1,216,809	0	456,918	2.33E-16

Note: Extremely small p-values (e.g., < 0.001) are rounded for clarity.

Key; ‘Acute lower respiratory infections’: ‘LRI’, ‘Birth asphyxia and birth trauma’: ‘BAT’, ‘Congenital anomalies’: ‘CON’, ‘Diarrhoeal diseases’: ‘DIA’, ‘HIV/AIDS’: ‘HIV’, ‘Injuries’: ‘INJ’, ‘Malaria’: ‘MAL’, ‘Measles’: ‘MEA’, ‘Meningitis/encephalitis’: ‘MEN’, ‘Other Group 1 and Other noncommunicable (neonatal and under-5 only)’: ‘OG1’, ‘Prematurity’: ‘PRE’, ‘Sepsis and other infectious conditions of the newborn’: ‘SEP’, ‘Tetanus’: ‘TET’, and ‘Tuberculosis’: ‘TUB’.

3.4. Exploring the potential impact of clinical practice guidelines on the observed trends in sections 3.2–3.3

3.4.1. Total number of clinical practice guidelines published during the period of 1990 to 2025.

Identification of studies via databases
Empty Cell
Identification		Records identified from*: Total Databases (n = 8418) PubMed (n = 6709) CINAH-EBSCO (n = 17) Web of Science (n = 1518) Journal of Health policy (n = 170)	→	Records removed before screening: Duplicate records removed (n = 3009) Records removed for other reasons (n = 2193)
Empty Cell		↓
Screening		Reports assessed for eligibility. (n = 3212) Records screened using text mining keywords (guideline*, policy*)	→	Records excluded** (n = 5206) Did not meet text mining keywords (guideline*, policy*)
		↓
		Reports assessed for eligibility. (n = 205) Selected guideline and policy documents screened with text mining keywords; Child* (n = 138) Infant (n = 24) Neonat* (n = 25) Under 5 (n = 0) Newborn (n = 13) Bab* (n = 5)	→	Reports excluded: (n = 3034) did not meet the MeSH terms for ‘Infant’ and ‘Neonate keywords (n = 3014) Additional duplicates (n = 20)
Empty Cell		↓
Included		Studies included in review. (n = 178)

3.4.2. Trends in the clinical practice guideline publications between 1990 and 2025 and temporal associations in the top causes of mortality in African and Europe

The rise in clinical practice guidelines over time (Fig. 2) [8], [11], [22], [24], [28], [29], [30], [31], [32], [33], [34], [35], [36], [37], [38], [39], [40], [41], [42], [43], [44], [45], [46], [47], [48], [49], [50], [51], [52], [53], [54], [55], [56], [57], [58], [59], [60], [61], [62], [63], [64], [65], [66], [67], [68], [69], [70], [71], [72], [73], [74], [75], [76], [77], [78], [79], [80], [81], [82], [83], [84], [85], [86], [87], [88], [89], [90], [91], [92], [93], [94], [95], [96], [97], [98], [99], [100], [101], [102], [103], [104], [105], [106], [107], [108], [109], [110], [111], [112], [113], [114], [115], [116], [117], [118], [119], [120], [121], [122], [123], [124], [125], [126], [127], [128], [129], [130], [131], [132], [133], [134], [135], [136], [137], [138], [139], [140], [141], [142], [143], [144], [145], [146], [147], [148], [149], [150], [151], [152], [153], [154], [155], [156], [157], [158], [159], [160], [161], [162], [163], [164], [165], [166], [167], [168], [169], [170], [171], [172], [173], [174], [175], [176], [177], [178], [179], [180], [181], [182], [183], [184], [185], [186], [187], [188], [189], [190], [191], [192], [193], [194], [195], [196], [197], [198], [199], [200], [201], [202] coincides with declining neonatal mortality in Europe (Fig. 1 (a)). This inverse relationship suggests that well-disseminated and implemented clinical guidelines may impact positively to better disease management and outcomes. (See Fig. 3.)

In Africa, despite the global increase in guideline publications (fig. 3), neonatal mortality remains high. Regional narrowing of practice guidelines (9/178) (fig. 3b) for the African region further justifies the disparity. Very few clinical practice guidelines for children/ neonatal care (9/178) (Fig. 4a) were published from the African region over the last 30 years and mostly from South Africa (6/9) showing scarcity of guidelines compares to (162/178) for Europe during the same period. Guideline implementation, access to care, and local adaptation could partly explain the observed mortality trends. The data implies that while clinical guidelines could be effective, their impact is context-and number dependent. (See Fig. 5.)

In Europe, robust health systems likely facilitated practice guideline development and uptake, [203], [204], [205]. In Africa, systemic challenges (e.g., poverty, workforce shortages, limited health infrastructure) limited the practice guideline development and effectiveness and uptake of public health interventions [21], [23], [29], [152].

3.5. Interrupted Time Series (ITS) analysis of neonatal mortality

It summarizes the interrupted time series analysis of neonatal mortality trends in Africa, Europe, and combined (Europe and African regions) from 2000 to 2021. The analysis evaluates the impact of Clinical Practice Guidelines (CPGs) introduced around 2010, using WHO mortality data and CPG publication frequency from 1990 to 2025. The CPGs were treated together and where not separated between the regions due to the low volume of publications from the African region.

3.5.1. Africa: Pre-intervention trend

Mortality declined by approximately 2868 deaths per year (p < 0.001). Immediate effect of clinical practice guidelines (CPGs): An increase of around 6859 deaths was observed (p = 0.047). Post-intervention trend: A slight, non-significant decline of approximately 415 deaths per year (p = 0.425).

3.5.2. Europe: Pre-intervention trend

Mortality decreased by approximately 6752 deaths per year (p < 0.001). Immediate effect of CPGs: An increase of around 4780 deaths was recorded (p = 0.001). Post-intervention trend:

3.5.3. Combined regions

3.5.3.1. Pre-intervention trend

Mortality declined by approximately 9619 deaths per year (p < 0.001). Immediate effect of CPGs (2010): An increase of around 11,640 deaths was observed (p = 0.025). Post-intervention trend: A slight, non-significant increase of approximately 1004 deaths per year (p = 0.201).

Overall: Europe demonstrated a statistically significant and sustained decline in neonatal mortality following the introduction of CPGs. In contrast, Africa and the combined regions showed initial increases post-intervention—potentially reflecting improved reporting or transitional implementation challenges—followed by downward trends. However, the post-intervention slopes for Africa and the combined regions were not statistically significant, suggesting limited long-term acceleration in mortality reduction.

3.6. Bibliometric network analysis

This was done to explore the major contributors/ active players in formulating the clinical practice guidelines from the regions as presented in (fig. 5a&b), major themes of the guidelines, countries and the potential networks of the leading authors based on keyword frequencies. The network analysis was done using the VOSviewer software. The iteration frequency was set to a minimum frequency of 20 for the keyword analysis.

Fig. 5a presents a VOSviewer-generated visualization of keyword networks related to clinical practice and health policy guidelines in Europe and Africa. Node size reflects keyword frequency, while connecting lines indicate co-occurrence relationships. Six thematic clusters are identified:

Red cluster: Focused on Europe, with prominent contributions from countries such as France (24 documents), Germany (14), Finland (2), Poland (10), the United Kingdom (31), Denmark (5), Sweden (5), the Netherlands (12), and Italy (18). This cluster highlights European medical policies and interdisciplinary communication. Blue cluster: Centred on terms such as female, pregnancy, treatment outcome, and guidelines, reflecting themes in women’s health, maternity care, and clinical recommendations from pregnancy through to postnatal care. Green cluster: Emphasises risk factors, middle-aged, and age factors, pointing to epidemiological considerations and chronic disease prevention. Yellow cluster: Associated with oncology, including terms such as neoplasm staging, risk assessment, and treatment strategies, indicating a focus on cancer research and clinical approaches. Purple cluster: Includes keywords such as child, infant, and newborn, highlighting paediatric health concerns, neonatal care, and developmental studies. Light blue cluster: Revolves around consensus, recommendations, and diagnosis, representing broader themes in clinical guideline development, best practices, and standardised medical decision-making.

Keywords related to Africa were not prominently represented in the network due to the limited number of documents (n = 9) from the region. The African contributions were dominated by South Africa (n = 6) with single entries from Tanzania Nigeria and Egypt

The co-authorship network visualization (fig. 5b) displays individual authors as nodes, with links representing collaborative relationships. Node size corresponds to network volume, while colour-coded clusters denote research groups. Yakoub-Agha, Ibrahim (grey cluster) emerges as a central collaborator. The red cluster (e.g., Jensen, Dietrich) and blue cluster (e.g., Rodrigues, Anabela, Domingos, Nicholas) represent active research teams. Other clusters, such as those led by Goudswaard (pink) and Nolan, Jerry (orange), illustrate independent research circles. Overall, the network reflects the collaborative and interdisciplinary nature of clinical guideline research across regions.

4. Discussion

This study contributes to the understanding of global neonatal health disparities by examining not only the differences in mortality rates between Europe and Africa but also the structural and policy-level factors that may underpin these outcomes. While the higher burden of neonatal mortality in Africa is well established [1], [3], [12], [42], this study adds a novel perspective by exploring the role of clinical practice guidelines (CPGs) in shaping regional health outcomes.

The stark contrast in the number of published neonatal and paediatric guidelines—162 in Europe versus only 9 in Africa—highlights a significant gap in policy infrastructure. This disparity is not merely academic but reflects broader systemic challenges. Many African countries face limitations in healthcare financing, political stability, and institutional capacity, which hinder the development, dissemination, and implementation of context-specific, evidence-based guidelines [13]. In contrast, Europe benefits from strong professional networks and established health systems that support continuous guideline development and uptake [[2], [12], [13], [14], [18], [21], [23], [27], [28], [34], [152], [203], [204], [205], [206], [207]].

However, the mere presence of guidelines does not guarantee improved outcomes. In low-resource settings, even when guidelines exist, their impact may be constrained by workforce shortages, inadequate training, and weak monitoring systems [208]. These barriers impede the translation of policy into practice and contribute to persistent gaps in care quality and neonatal survival.

The limited representation of African institutions in the co-authorship network further underscores the imbalance in global health research. This lack of inclusion restricts the development of context-specific evidence and reduces opportunities for capacity-building and knowledge exchange. Strengthening regional research ecosystems and fostering equitable collaborations are essential for generating locally relevant solutions.

To further explore the temporal impact of CPGs, we employed Interrupted Time Series (ITS) analysis. The ITS results revealed distinct regional patterns in neonatal mortality trends before and after the assumed introduction of CPGs in 2010. In Europe, the post-intervention trend showed a statistically significant and sustained decline in neonatal mortality (−1419 deaths/year, p < 0.001), suggesting that the implementation of CPGs may have contributed to improved outcomes. This aligns with the observed increase in guideline publications and the presence of robust health systems that support their dissemination and use.

In contrast, Africa exhibited a more complex pattern. Although a pre-intervention decline in mortality was observed (−2868 deaths/year, p < 0.001), the immediate post-intervention period saw a statistically significant increase in deaths (+6859, p = 0.047), followed by a non-significant decline (−415 deaths/year, p = 0.425). This may reflect transitional challenges such as improved reporting, limited implementation capacity, or systemic barriers that hinder the effective use of guidelines. The low volume of CPGs from Africa (only 9 out of 178 reviewed documents) further underscores the limited policy infrastructure and research output from the region. Moreover, assuming all 178 guidelines were made available in Africa, the fact that 169 were developed outside the region suggests they may lack contextual relevance and thus be less effective.

The combined analysis of Europe and Africa showed an initial increase in mortality post-intervention (+11,640 deaths, p = 0.025), followed by a non-significant upward trend (+1004 deaths/year, p = 0.201). These findings suggest that while CPGs may have a positive impact in well-resourced settings, their effectiveness is highly context-dependent and may be constrained in regions with weaker health systems [205].

While the association between guideline availability and improved neonatal outcomes in Europe is compelling, the present study does not claim a direct causal relationship. Rather, it emphasises the importance of viewing neonatal mortality through a systems lens—one that considers how economic conditions, governance, and institutional readiness interact with clinical care to shape outcomes [19,20]. Future research should explore these dynamics using longitudinal and implementation science approaches to better understand how guidelines influence practice in diverse contexts.

In summary, achieving the Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 3.2 targets for neonatal mortality in Africa requires more than clinical interventions. It demands investment in health systems, policy development, and research capacity. Efforts must prioritise not only the creation of evidence-based guidelines but also the systems and structures that enable their effective implementation. Addressing these foundational issues is essential for narrowing the gap in neonatal outcomes between Africa and Europe and for achieving global health equity.

5. Limitations

This study is subject to three major limitations. First, its observational design and reliance on publicly available aggregate data limit the ability to infer causality. The observed associations between guideline volume and neonatal mortality should therefore be interpreted with caution. Second, the use of non-parametric statistical methods does not fully account for the non-independence of repeated yearly observations from the same countries, which may introduce temporal correlation. Third, the review of clinical practice guidelines did not assess the quality, contextual relevance, or implementation fidelity of the documents. As such, the presence of a guideline does not necessarily reflect its effectiveness or uptake in practice.

6. Conclusion

The present study reveals substantial regional disparities in neonatal mortality trends and causes. Europe has seen a consistent decline, primarily with linked causes like preterm birth complications and congenital anomalies. In contrast, many African countries show stable or rising mortality rates, with birth asphyxia, prematurity, and infections as leading causes. The volume and region specificity of clinical practice guidelines (CPGs) appear to be associated with improved outcomes, particularly in Europe. However, this observed relationship does not imply causality. Further research is needed to evaluate the impact of guideline implementation using longitudinal and policy evaluation methods to inform effective neonatal health strategies.

7. Recommendations

To reduce neonatal mortality and meet SDG 3.2 targets, African health systems should prioritise the development and implementation of context-specific, evidence-based clinical guidelines. This must be supported by investments in healthcare infrastructure, workforce capacity, and equitable access to essential services. Efforts should also focus on strengthening infectious disease control, expanding immunisation coverage, and improving maternal and neonatal care, including prenatal screening and neonatal intensive care services. Building institutional capacity and fostering regional research collaboration are essential for sustainable progress.

Statement of artificial intelligence (AI) use

Microsoft Copilot was moderately used in this manuscript. It was used to perform the interrupted time series analysis (ITS) and for improving the grammar of the manuscript. The authors however reviewed the content and takes responsibility of the manuscript.

Funding

No funding was received in carrying out this study.

CRediT authorship contribution statement

Frank Adusei-Mensah: Writing – review & editing, Writing – original draft, Methodology, Conceptualization. Ahmed Ould Boudia: Writing – review & editing, Formal analysis. Richard Osei Agjei: Writing – original draft. Luqman Awoniyi: Writing – review & editing, Writing – original draft. Ismaila Temitayo Sanusi: Writing – original draft. Jussi Kauhanen: Supervision.

Declaration of competing interest

The authors states that they have no conflicting interest towards the writing of this paper.

Appendix A. Supplementary data

Download: Download Word document (18KB)

Supplementary material

References

1. [1]S. Salmond, C. DorsenTime to reflect and take action on health disparities and health inequitiesOrthop Nurs, 41 (2) (2022), p. 64, 10.1097/NOR.0000000000000828View in ScopusGoogle Scholar
2. [2]N. Golding, R. Burstein, J. Longbottom, A.J. Browne, N. Fullman, A. Osgood-Zimmerman, et al.Mapping under-5 and neonatal mortality in Africa, 2000-15: a baseline analysis for the sustainable development goalsLancet (London, England), 390 (10108) (2017), pp. 2171-2182, 10.1016/S0140-6736(17)31758-0View PDFView articleView in ScopusGoogle Scholar
3. [3]OECDHealth at a glance: Europe 2022OECD Publishing (2022)Google Scholar
4. [4]UNICEFThe state of the world’s children 2021: On my mind – PromotingProtecting and Caring for Children’s Mental Health, UNICEF (2021)Google Scholar
5. [5]R. Gonzalez, et al.Infectious diseases and neonatal outcomes in sub-Saharan AfricaInt J Infect Dis, 116 (2022), pp. 143-149CrossrefView in ScopusGoogle Scholar
6. [6]GBD 2016 Lower Respiratory Infections Collaborators.Estimates of the global, regional, and national morbidity, mortality, and aetiologies of lower respiratory infections in 195 countries, 1990-2016: a systematic analysis for the global burden of Disease study 2016Lancet Infect Dis, 18 (11) (2018), pp. 1191-1210, 10.1016/S1473-3099(18)30310-4Google Scholar
7. [7]M. Solmi, G. Croatto, M. Fornaro, L.K. Schneider, S.C. Rohani-Montez, L. Fairley, et al.Regional differences in mortality risk and in attenuating or aggravating factors in schizophrenia: a systematic review and meta-analysisEur Neuropsychopharmacol, 80 (2024), pp. 55-69, 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2023.12.010View PDFView articleView in ScopusGoogle Scholar
8. [8]World health organization (WHO) guideline on the complementary feeding of infants and young children aged 6-23 months 2023: a multisociety responseJ Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr, 79 (1) (2024), pp. 181-188, 10.1002/jpn3.12248Google Scholar
9. [9]European Centre for Disease Prevention and ControlVaccination coverage and its impact on neonatal health in Europe(2023)[ECDC Report]Google Scholar
10. [10]R.L.J. Thornton, C.M. Glover, C.W. Cené, D.C. Glik, J.A. Henderson, D.R. WilliamsEvaluating strategies for reducing health disparities by addressing the social determinants of healthHealth Affairs (Project Hope), 35 (8) (2016), pp. 1416-1423, 10.1377/hlthaff.2015.1357View in ScopusGoogle Scholar
11. [11]M.R. Lutz, A. Garg, B.S. SolomonAddressing social determinants of health in practicePediatr Clin N Am, 70 (4) (2023), pp. 695-708, 10.1016/j.pcl.2023.03.006View PDFView articleView in ScopusGoogle Scholar
12. [12]UNICEFThe state of the world’s children: Neonatal mortality reportUNICEF (2023)Google Scholar
13. [13]S. Ameh, B.O. Akeem, C. Ochimana, A.O. Oluwasanu, S.F. Mohamed, S. Okello, et al.A qualitative inquiry of access to and quality of primary healthcare in seven communities in east and West Africa (SevenCEWA): perspectives of stakeholders, healthcare providers and usersBMC Fam Pract, 22 (1) (2021), p. 45, 10.1186/s12875-021-01394-zView in ScopusGoogle Scholar
14. [14]S. Basu, et al.Healthcare access in sub-Saharan Africa: a comprehensive reviewGlob Health Action, 13 (1) (2020), p. 1740741Google Scholar
15. [15]J. del AmoAll-cause mortality after antiretroviral therapy initiation in HIV-positive women from Europe, sub-Saharan Africa and the AmericasAIDS (London, England), 34 (2) (2019), p. 277, 10.1097/QAD.0000000000002399Google Scholar
16. [16]GBD 2021 Demographics Collaborators, G. 2021 D.Global age-sex-specific mortality, life expectancy, and population estimates in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1950–2021, and the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic: a comprehensive demographic analysis for the global burden of Disease study 2021Lancet (London, England), 403 (10440) (2024), p. 1989, 10.1016/S0140-6736(24)00476-8Google Scholar
17. [17]E.F. Okonji, O.C. Okonji, F.C. Mukumbang, B. Van WykUnderstanding varying COVID-19 mortality rates reported in Africa compared to Europe, Americas and AsiaTropical Medicine & International Health: TM & IH, 26 (7) (2021), pp. 716-719, 10.1111/tmi.13575View in ScopusGoogle Scholar
18. [18]M. Dahl, et al.Socioeconomic determinants of neonatal mortality in EuropeEur J Pub Health, 33 (2) (2023), pp. 305-310CrossrefGoogle Scholar
19. [19]M. Ali, N. DhalCultural factors influencing neonatal care in AfricaJ Glob Health, 10 (1) (2020), Article 010405Google Scholar
20. [20]L. Zhang, et al.Evidence-based practices in neonatal care across Europe: a systematic reviewBMC Pediatr, 23 (1) (2023), p. 112Google Scholar
21. [21]Adusei-Mensah, F., Isiozor, N. M., Oduro, K. J., Okolie, C. J., & others. (2023). Boosting COVID-19 vaccine inoculation and booster shots: a systematic review and meta-analysis of factors that influence coronavirus vaccine uptake in practice. Afr Health Sci, 23(2), 3–22.Google Scholar
22. [22]F. Jamet, R. Lefait-robin, J.F. LefaitPerinatal and infant mortality in French Guyana. Evaluation of a regional maternal and child health care policyLa Revue de pediatrie, 21 (1) (1985), pp. 10-14View in ScopusGoogle Scholar
23. [23]N.M. Nour, et al.Trends in neonatal mortality in Africa and Europe: a 20-year retrospective studyPed Health, Med Therapeut, 15 (2024), pp. 23-34Google Scholar
24. [24]L. Solman, M. Glover, P.E. Beattie, H. Buckley, S. Clark, J.E. Gach, et al.Oral propranolol in the treatment of proliferating infantile haemangiomas: British Society for Paediatric Dermatology consensus guidelinesBr J Dermatol, 179 (3) (2018), pp. 582-589, 10.1111/bjd.16779View in ScopusGoogle Scholar
25. [25]M.A. Klebanoff, J.M. SnowdenHistorical (retrospective) cohort studies and other epidemiologic study designs in perinatal researchAm J Obstet Gynecol, 219 (5) (2018), pp. 447-450, 10.1016/j.ajog.2018.08.044View PDFView articleView in ScopusGoogle Scholar
26. [26]D.P. Turner, T.T. HouleObservational study designsHeadache, 59 (7) (2019), pp. 981-987, 10.1111/head.13572View in ScopusGoogle Scholar
27. [27]Balogun, O., Olaleye, S., Adusei-Mensah, F., Agjei, R., & Akingbade, T. (2023). Structural Exposition of Concern and belief of COVID-19 Vaccination Knowledge in Ghana (pp. 133–151). doi:https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-6684-8103-5.ch008.Google Scholar
28. [28]N.K. Onyejaka, A.R. Njokanma, A. Ehizele, A. AdewaleOverview of early childhood caries in Nigeria and global recommended treatment guidelinesWest Afr J Med, 40 (11) (2023), pp. 1232-1239Google Scholar
29. [29]A. Abdel Baky, A. Al Refaei, E. El Melegy, H. Tantawi, L. Mansour, M. Mohamed, et al.Adapting evidence-based practice guidelines for emergency Management of Seizures in children beyond the neonatal periodPediatr Neurol, 157 (2024), pp. 14-18, 10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2024.05.004View PDFView articleView in ScopusGoogle Scholar
30. [30]M. Akkari, R. Marianowski, F. Chalumeau, P. Fayoux, N. Leboulanger, P.J. Monteyrol, et al.French Society of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and neck surgery (SFORL) guidelines concerning the role of otorhinolaryngologists in the management of paediatric obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome: follow-up protocol for treated childrenEur Ann Otorhinolaryngol Head Neck Dis, 135 (6) (2018), pp. 427-431, 10.1016/j.anorl.2018.09.006View PDFView articleView in ScopusGoogle Scholar
31. [31]S. Albadri, H. Zaitoun, M.J. KinironsUK National Clinical Guidelines in Paediatric dentistry: treatment of traumatically intruded permanent incisor teeth in childrenInt J Paediatr Dent, 20 (Suppl. 1) (2010), pp. 1-2, 10.1111/j.1365-263X.2010.01085.xView in ScopusGoogle Scholar
32. [32]D. AnnequinFrench guidelines for the pharmacological treatment of acute and chronic pain in childrenArchives de pediatrie : organe officiel de la Societe francaise de pediatrie, 17 (6) (2010), pp. 663-664, 10.1016/S0929-693X(10)70049-XView PDFView articleView in ScopusGoogle Scholar
33. [33]G. Annerén, K.H. GustavsonA symposium for uniform guidelines: children and adolescents with down’s syndrome need better medical check-upsLakartidningen, 88 (17) (1991), pp. 1594-1595View in ScopusGoogle Scholar
34. [34]K. Arhin-Wiredu, R.B. Annor, F. Adusei-Mensah, B. SarfoHIV in Sunyani and peri-urban areas is associated with previous history of syphilis infection and multiple sexual partners- a cross-sectional studyHealth Sci Invest J, 6(1), Article 1 (2024), 10.46829/hsijournal.2024.7.6.1.776-782Google Scholar
35. [35]R. Astrand, C. Rosenlund, J. UndénScandinavian guidelines for initial management of minor and moderate head trauma in childrenBMC Med, 14 (2016), p. 33, 10.1186/s12916-016-0574-xView in ScopusGoogle Scholar
36. [36]ATS/ERS statement: raised volume forced expirations in infants: guidelines for current practiceAm J Respir Crit Care Med, 172 (11) (2005), pp. 1463-1471, 10.1164/rccm.200408-1141STGoogle Scholar
37. [37]E. Augustynowicz-Kopeć, U. Demkow, I. Grzelewska-Rzymowska, M. Korzeniewska-Koseła, R. Langfort, D. Michałowska-Mitczuk, et al.Guidelines of polish Respiratory society concerning diagnosis, treatment and prevention of tuberculosis in adults and in childPneumonol Alergol Pol, 81 (4) (2013), pp. 325-379View in ScopusGoogle Scholar
38. [38]A. Barone, A. Lucarelli, D. Onofrillo, F. Verzegnassi, S. Bonanomi, S. Cesaro, et al.Diagnosis and management of acquired aplastic anemia in childhood. Guidelines from the marrow failure study Group of the Pediatric Haemato-Oncology Italian Association (AIEOP)Blood Cells Mol Dis, 55 (1) (2015), pp. 40-47, 10.1016/j.bcmd.2015.03.007View PDFView articleView in ScopusGoogle Scholar
39. [39]S.F. Barrington, J. Begent, T. Lynch, P. Schleyer, L. Biassoni, W. Ramsden, et al.Guidelines for the use of PET-CT in childrenNucl Med Commun, 29 (5) (2008), pp. 418-424, 10.1097/MNM.0b013e3282f767b2View in ScopusGoogle Scholar
40. [40]E. Bérard, M. Broyer, M. Dehennault, R. Dumas, P. Eckart, M. Fischbach, et al.Corticosensitive nephrotic syndrome (or nephrosis) in children. Therapeutic guideline proposed by the pediatric society of nephrologyNephrol Therapeut, 1 (3) (2005), pp. 150-156, 10.1016/j.nephro.2005.06.003View PDFView articleView in ScopusGoogle Scholar
41. [41]D. BickCaesarean section. Clinical guideline. National Collaborating Centre for women’s and children’s health: commissioned by the National Institute for clinical excellenceWorldviews Evid-Based Nurs, 1 (3) (2004), pp. 198-199, 10.1111/j.1524-475X.2004.04060.xView in ScopusGoogle Scholar
42. [42]P.J.E. Bindels, M.H. Grol, B.P. Ponsioen, P.L. Salomé, T. Wiersma, A.N. GoudswaardSummary of the practice guideline “asthma in children” (second revision) from the Dutch College of General PractitionersNed Tijdschr Geneeskd, 152 (10) (2008), pp. 550-555View in ScopusGoogle Scholar
43. [43]R. BlankEuropean academy of childhood disability (EACD): recommendations on the definition, diagnosis and intervention of developmental coordination disorder (pocket version). German-Swiss interdisciplinary clinical practice guideline S3-standard according to the Association of the Scientific Medical Societies in Germany. Pocket version. Definition, diagnosis, assessment, and intervention of developmental coordination disorder (DCD)Dev Med Child Neurol, 54 (11) (2012), pp. e1-e7, 10.1111/j.1469-8749.2011.04175.xView in ScopusGoogle Scholar
44. [44]O.P. Bleker, W.I. van der Meijden, J. Wittenberg, J.E.A.M. van Bergen, A.J.P. Boeke, G.J.J. van Doornum, et al.Dutch Institute for Health Care Improvement revised guideline, ’sexually transmitted diseases and neonatal herpesNed Tijdschr Geneeskd, 147 (15) (2003), pp. 695-699View in ScopusGoogle Scholar
45. [45]Blood sampling on paper for neonatal screening. Guidelines for sampling, treatment and preservation of samples. Association française pour le dépistage et. al prévention des handicaps de l’enfant (AFDPHE)—Comité d’éthique, Archives de pediatrie : organe officiel de la Societe francaise de pediatrie, 2 (1) (1995), pp. 3-7Google Scholar
46. [46]N. Boluyt, C.W. Bollen, A.P. Bos, J.H. Kok, M. OffringaFluid resuscitation in neonatal and pediatric hypovolemic shock: a Dutch pediatric society evidence-based clinical practice guidelineIntensive Care Med, 32 (7) (2006), pp. 995-1003, 10.1007/s00134-006-0188-4View in ScopusGoogle Scholar
47. [47]M. Bonomi, B. Cangiano, S. Cianfarani, A. Garolla, D. Gianfrilli, F. Lanfranco, et al.Management of andrological disorders from childhood and adolescence to transition age: guidelines from the Italian Society of Andrology and Sexual Medicine (SIAMS) in collaboration with the Italian Society for Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology (SIEDP)-Part-1J Endocrinol Investig, 48 (1) (2025), pp. 1-22, 10.1007/s40618-024-02435-xView in ScopusGoogle Scholar
48. [48]M. Born, F. Schwier, B. Stoever, H.-J. Mentzel, J. FreibergThe German evidence-based child protection guideline—imaging in suspected child abuseRoFo : Fortschritte auf dem Gebiete der Rontgenstrahlen und der Nuklearmedizin, 192 (4) (2020), pp. 343-348, 10.1055/a-1019-8018View in ScopusGoogle Scholar
49. [49]C. Caffarelli, F. Paravati, M. El Hachem, M. Duse, M. Bergamini, G. Simeone, et al.Management of chronic urticaria in children: a clinical guidelineItal J Pediatr, 45 (1) (2019), p. 101, 10.1186/s13052-019-0695-xView in ScopusGoogle Scholar
50. [50]E. Caffrey Osvald, P. PrenticeNICE clinical guideline: antibiotics for the prevention and treatment of early-onset neonatal infectionArch Dis Child Educ Pract Ed, 99 (3) (2014), pp. 98-100, 10.1136/archdischild-2013-304629Google Scholar
51. [51]G. Campus, S.G. Condò, G. Di Renzo, R. Ferro, R. Gatto, M.R. Giuca, et al.National Italian Guidelines for caries prevention in 0 to 12 years-old childrenEur J Paediatr Dent, 8 (3) (2007), pp. 153-159View in ScopusGoogle Scholar
52. [52]C. Castellani, K.W. Southern, K. Brownlee, J. Dankert Roelse, A. Duff, M. Farrell, et al.European best practice guidelines for cystic fibrosis neonatal screeningJ Cyst Fibros, 8 (3) (2009), pp. 153-173, 10.1016/j.jcf.2009.01.004View PDFView articleView in ScopusGoogle Scholar
53. [53]M. Cettler, M. Zielińska, J. Rosada-Kurasińska, A. Kubica-Cielińska, K. Jarosz, A. Bartkowska-ŚniatkowskaGuidelines for treatment of acute pain in children—the consensus statement of the section of Paediatric Anaesthesiology and intensive therapy of the polish Society of Anaesthesiology and Intensive TherapyAnaesthesiol IntensTher, 54 (3) (2022), pp. 197-218, 10.5114/ait.2022.118972View in ScopusGoogle Scholar
54. [54]M. Cevey-Macherel, A. Galetto-Lacour, A. Gervaix, C.-A. Siegrist, J. Bille, B. Bescher-Ninet, et al.Etiology of community-acquired pneumonia in hospitalized children based on WHO clinical guidelinesEur J Pediatr, 168 (12) (2009), pp. 1429-1436, 10.1007/s00431-009-0943-yView in ScopusGoogle Scholar
55. [55]E. Chiappini, M. Ciarcià, B. Bortone, M. Doria, P. Becherucci, G.L. Marseglia, et al.Updated guidelines for the Management of Acute Otitis Media in children by the Italian Society of Pediatrics: diagnosisPediatr Infect Dis J, 38 (12S Suppl) (2019), pp. S3-S9, 10.1097/INF.0000000000002429View in ScopusGoogle Scholar
56. [56]S.F. Chiarenza, C. Bleve, M. Escolino, C. Esposito, F. Beretta, M. Cheli, et al.Guidelines of the Italian Society of Videosurgery (SIVI) in infancy for the minimally invasive treatment of hypertrophic pyloric stenosis in neonates and infants. La Pediatria Medica e Chirurgica : Medical and SurgicalPediatrics, 42 (1) (2020), 10.4081/pmc.2020.243Google Scholar
57. [57]S.F. Chiarenza, M.L. Conighi, A. Conforti, C. Bleve, C. Esposito, M. Escolino, et al.Guidelines of the Italian Society of Videosurgery in infancy (SIVI) for the minimally invasive treatment of fetal and neonatal ovarian cysts. La Pediatria Medica e Chirurgica : Medical and SurgicalPediatrics, 42 (1) (2020), 10.4081/pmc.2020.242Google Scholar
58. [58]Children with cardiac pacemakersA guideline by the Giessen/Marburg university clinicKinderkrankenschwester : Organ der Sektion Kinderkrankenpflege, 26 (11) (2007), pp. 456-460Google Scholar
59. [59]E. Clarke, R. Patel, D. Dickins, K. Fidler, A. Jackson, M. Kingston, et al.Joint British Association for Sexual Health and HIV and Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists national UK guideline for the management of herpes simplex virus (HSV) in pregnancy and the neonate (2024 update)Int J STD AIDS, 36 (1) (2025), pp. 4-23, 10.1177/09564624241280734View in ScopusGoogle Scholar
60. [60]M. Colombo, T. Porrati, L.A. MagniPractice guidelines to manage children admitted in a general pediatric department with very mild or mild acute infective diarrheaMinerva Pediatr, 51 (6) (1999), pp. 221-225View in ScopusGoogle Scholar
61. [61]A. Cortey, L. Renesme, J. Raignoux, A. Bedu, C. Casper, P. Tourneux, et al.Management of jaundice in the newborn≥35 GW: from screening to follow-up after discharge. Guidelines for clinical practiceArchives de pediatrie : organe officiel de la Societe francaise de pediatrie, 24 (2) (2017), pp. 192-203, 10.1016/j.arcped.2016.11.011View PDFView articleView in ScopusGoogle Scholar
62. [62]C. Dadure, N. Sabourdin, F. Veyckemans, F. Babre, N. Bourdaud, S. Dahmani, et al.Management of the child’s airway under anaesthesia: the French guidelinesAnaesth Critical Care Pain Med, 38 (6) (2019), pp. 681-693, 10.1016/j.accpm.2019.02.004View PDFView articleView in ScopusGoogle Scholar
63. [63]D. De Mattia, D. Del Principe, G.C. Del Vecchio, M. Jankovic, A. Arrighini, P. Giordano, et al.Acute childhood idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura: AIEOP consensus guidelines for diagnosis and treatment. Associazione Italiana di Ematologia e Oncologia PediatricaHaematologica, 85 (4) (2000), pp. 420-424View in ScopusGoogle Scholar
64. [64]L. de Ridder, E.H.H.M. Rings, J.C. EscherGuideline ’diagnosis and treatment of inflammatory bowel disease in children’Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd, 154 (2010), p. A1898View in ScopusGoogle Scholar
65. [65]R. de Tayrac, C. SchantzChildbirth pelvic floor trauma: anatomy, physiology, pathophysiology and special situations—CNGOF perineal prevention and protection in obstetrics guidelinesGynecol, Obstetriq, Fertilite Senol, 46 (12) (2018), pp. 900-912, 10.1016/j.gofs.2018.10.031View PDFView articleView in ScopusGoogle Scholar
66. [66]J.P. de Winter, K.F.M. Joosten, M.M. Ijland, H.J. Verkade, M. Offringa, M.D. Dorrius, et al.New Dutch practice guideline for administration of vitamin K to full-term newbornsNed Tijdschr Geneeskd, 155 (18) (2011), p. A936View in ScopusGoogle Scholar
67. [67]T. Delorme, C. Wood, A. Bartaillard, E. Pichard, S. Dauchy, D. Orbach, et al.2003 clinical practice guideline: standards, options and recommendations for pain assessment in adult and children with cancer (summary report)Bull Cancer, 91 (5) (2004), pp. 419-430View in ScopusGoogle Scholar
68. [68]G. DucarmeBreech presentation: CNGOF guidelines for clinical practice—external cephalic version and other interventions to turn breech babies to cephalic presentationGynecol, Obstetriq, Fertilite Senol, 48 (1) (2020), pp. 81-94, 10.1016/j.gofs.2019.10.024View PDFView articleView in ScopusGoogle Scholar
69. [69]J. Dudley, P. Winyard, M. Marlais, O. Cuthell, T. Harris, J. Chong, et al.Clinical practice guideline monitoring children and young people with, or at risk of developing autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD)BMC Nephrol, 20 (1) (2019), p. 148, 10.1186/s12882-019-1285-2View in ScopusGoogle Scholar
70. [70]E.J. Duiverman, Q. Jöbsis, E.E. van Essen-Zandvliet, W.M. van Aalderen, J.C. de JongsteGuideline “treating asthma in children” for pediatric pulmonologists (2nd revised edition). I. Diagnosis and preventionNed Tijdschr Geneeskd, 147 (39) (2003), pp. 1905-1908View in ScopusGoogle Scholar
71. [71]T. Edouard, S. Guillaume-Czitrom, J. Bacchetta, I. Sermet-Gaudelus, E. Dugelay, C. Martinez-Vinson, et al.Guidelines for the management of children at risk of secondary bone fragility: expert opinion of a French working groupArchives de Pediatrie : Organe Officiel de La Societe Francaise de Pediatrie, 27 (7) (2020), pp. 393-398, 10.1016/j.arcped.2020.07.008View PDFView articleView in ScopusGoogle Scholar
72. [72]European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC)Annual epidemiological report on communicable diseases in Europe 2019ECDC (2019)Google Scholar
73. [73]European CommissionEurope’s beating Cancer plan: A stronger response to the growing burden of non-communicable diseasesEuropean Commission (2021)Google Scholar
74. [74]R. Fawaz, U. Baumann, U. Ekong, B. Fischler, N. Hadzic, C.L. Mack, et al.Guideline for the evaluation of Cholestatic jaundice in infants: joint recommendations of the north American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, hepatology, and nutrition and the European Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, hepatology, and nutritionJ Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr, 64 (1) (2017), pp. 154-168, 10.1097/MPG.0000000000001334View in ScopusGoogle Scholar
75. [75]C. Feiterna-Sperling, F. Brinkmann, C. Adamczick, F. Ahrens, M. Barker, C. Berger, et al.Consensus-based guidelines for diagnosis, Prevention and treatment of tuberculosis in children and adolescents—a guideline on behalf of the German Society for Pediatric Infectious Diseases (DGPI)Pneumologie (Stuttgart, Germany), 71 (10) (2017), pp. 629-680, 10.1055/s-0043-116545View in ScopusGoogle Scholar
76. [76]J. Fettich, P. Colarinha, S. Fischer, J. Frökier, I. Gordon, K. Hahn, et al.Guidelines for direct radionuclide cystography in childrenEur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging, 30 (5) (2003), pp. B39-B44, 10.1007/s00259-003-1137-xGoogle Scholar
77. [77]S. Flikweert, L. Pijnenborg, W.J.J. AssendelftSummary of the Dutch College of General Practitioners’ practice guideline, “examination of the neonate”Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd, 146 (45) (2002), pp. 2140-2144View in ScopusGoogle Scholar
78. [78]T. Frischer, E. Eber, I. Eichler, E. Horak, J. Riedler, M. Götz, et al.Consensus guidelines for drug therapy of bronchial asthma in children and adolescents. Austrian Society of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine and Austrian Society for Lung Diseases and TuberculosisWien Klin Wochenschr, 111 (21) (1999), pp. 900-902View in ScopusGoogle Scholar
79. [79]S. Genovesi, G. Parati, M. Giussani, G. Bona, C. Fava, C. Maffeis, et al.How to apply European and American guidelines on high blood pressure in children and adolescents. A position paper endorsed by the Italian Society of Hypertension and the Italian Society of PediatricsHigh Blood Press Cardiovasc Prevent: Off J Ital Soc Hyperten, 27 (3) (2020), pp. 183-193, 10.1007/s40292-020-00369-yView in ScopusGoogle Scholar
80. [80]G. Géraud, M. Lantéri-Minet, C. Lucas, D. ValadeFrench guidelines for the diagnosis and management of migraine in adults and childrenClin Ther, 26 (8) (2004), pp. 1305-1318, 10.1016/s0149-2918(04)80161-9Google Scholar
81. [81]J.D. González Rodríguez, G.M. Fraga Rodríguez, C.J. García Vera, A. Gómez Fraile, J.I. Martín Sánchez, J.M. Mengual Gil, et al.Update of the Spanish clinical practice guideline for urinary tract infection in infants and children. Summary of recommendations for diagnosis, treatment and follow-upAn Pediatr, 101 (2) (2024), pp. 132-144, 10.1016/j.anpede.2024.07.010View PDFView articleView in ScopusGoogle Scholar
82. [82]L. Gortner, J. Möller, I. ReissARDS/ALI in childhood: treatment guidelineKlin Padiatr, 223 (7) (2011), pp. 440-444, 10.1055/s-0031-1286298View in ScopusGoogle Scholar
83. [83]R. Green, P. Jeena, S. Kotze, H. Lewis, D. Webb, M. WellsManagement of acute fever in children: guideline for community healthcare providers and pharmacistsSouth Afr Med J = Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif Vir Geneeskunde, 103 (12) (2013), pp. 948-954, 10.7196/samj.7207View in ScopusGoogle Scholar
84. [84]T.A. Gregg, D.H. BoydTreatment of avulsed permanent teeth in children. UK National Guidelines in Paediatric dentistry. Royal College of surgeons, Faculty of Dental SurgeryInt J Paediatr Dent, 8 (1) (1998), pp. 75-81, 10.1046/j.1365-263x.1998.00066.xView in ScopusGoogle Scholar
85. [85]A. Grüters, F. Delange, G. Giovannelli, M. Klett, P. Rochiccioli, T. Torresani, et al.Guidelines for neonatal screening programmes for congenital hypothyroidism. Working group on congenital hypothyroidism of the European Society for Paediatric EndocrinologyEur J Pediatr, 152 (12) (1993), pp. 974-975, 10.1007/BF01957217View in ScopusGoogle Scholar
86. [86]A. Guarina, P. Farruggia, E. Mariani, P. Saracco, A. Barone, D. Onofrillo, et al.Diagnosis and management of acquired aplastic anemia in childhood. Guidelines from the marrow failure study Group of the Pediatric Haemato-Oncology Italian Association (AIEOP)Blood Cells Mol Dis, 108 (2024), 10.1016/j.bcmd.2024.102860102860Google Scholar
87. [87]A. Guarino, F. Albano, S. Ashkenazi, D. Gendrel, J.H. Hoekstra, R. Shamir, et al.European Society for Paediatric Gastroenterology, hepatology, and nutrition/European Society for Paediatric Infectious Diseases evidence-based guidelines for the management of acute gastroenteritis in children in EuropeJ Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr, 46 (Suppl. 2) (2008), pp. S81-122, 10.1097/MPG.0b013e31816f7b16View in ScopusGoogle Scholar
88. [88]A. Guarino, F. Albano, S. Ashkenazi, D. Gendrel, J.H. Hoekstra, R. Shamir, et al.European Society for Paediatric Gastroenterology, hepatology, and nutrition/European Society for Paediatric Infectious Diseases evidence-based guidelines for the management of acute gastroenteritis in children in Europe: executive summaryJ Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr, 46 (5) (2008), pp. 619-621, 10.1097/MPG.0b013e31816e219eView in ScopusGoogle Scholar
89. [89]A. Guarino, S. Ashkenazi, D. Gendrel, A. Lo Vecchio, R. Shamir, H. SzajewskaEuropean Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, hepatology, and nutrition/European Society for Pediatric Infectious Diseases evidence-based guidelines for the management of acute gastroenteritis in children in Europe: update 2014J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr, 59 (1) (2014), pp. 132-152, 10.1097/MPG.0000000000000375View in ScopusGoogle Scholar
90. [90]Guideline: Infant Feeding in Areas of Zika Virus Transmission. (2016).Google Scholar
91. [91]Guidelines for the care of the physiologically normal neonate. The pediatric neonatology Group for Intrahospital Collaboration, Riv Inferm, 12 (3) (1993), pp. 179-184Google Scholar
92. [92]Guidelines for the Management of Congenital Heart Diseases in childhood and adolescenceCardiol Young, 27 (S3) (2017), pp. S1-S105, 10.1017/S1047951116001955Google Scholar
93. [93]Guidelines on the use of fluoride in childrenAn EAPD policy documentEur Arch Paediatr Dent, 10 (3) (2009), pp. 129-135, 10.1007/BF03262673Google Scholar
94. [94]D. Handkiewicz-Junak, M. Niedziela, A. Lewiński, A. Bosowski, E. Chmielik, A. Czarniecka, et al.Diagnostics and treatment of differentiated thyroid carcinoma in children—guidelines of the polish National Scientific Societies, 2024 updateEndokrynol Pol, 75 (6) (2024), pp. 565-591, 10.5603/ep.103845View in ScopusGoogle Scholar
95. [95]M. Harris, J. Clark, N. Coote, P. Fletcher, A. Harnden, M. McKean, et al.British Thoracic Society guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in children: update 2011Thorax, 66 Suppl 2 (2011), p. ii1-23, 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2011-200598Google Scholar
96. [96]C.H. Heidemann, J. Lous, J. Berg, J.J. Christensen, S.J. Håkonsen, M. Jakobsen, et al.Danish guidelines on management of otitis media in preschool childrenInt J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol, 87 (2016), pp. 154-163, 10.1016/j.ijporl.2016.06.003View PDFView articleView in ScopusGoogle Scholar
97. [97]D. Hobusch, H.J. Christen, H.I. Huppertz, R. NoackDiagnosis and therapy of Lyme borreliosis in children. Practice guideline of the German Society for Pediatric Infectious DiseasesKlin Padiatr, 211 (2) (1999), pp. 70-74, 10.1055/s-2008-1043768View in ScopusGoogle Scholar
98. [98]A.R. Horn, G.F. Kirsten, S.M. Kroon, P.A. Henning, G. Möller, C. Pieper, et al.Phototherapy and exchange transfusion for neonatal hyperbilirubinaemia: neonatal academic hospitals’ consensus guidelines for south African hospitals and primary care facilitiesSouth Afr Med J = Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif Vir Geneeskunde, 96 (9) (2006), pp. 819-824View in ScopusGoogle Scholar
99. [99]M.T. HoseyUK National Clinical Guidelines in Paediatric dentistry. Managing anxious children: the use of conscious sedation in paediatric dentistryInt J Paediatr Dent, 12 (5) (2002), pp. 359-372, 10.1046/j.1365-263x.2002.03792.xView in ScopusGoogle Scholar
100. [100]T.A. Houweling, A.E. Kunst, J.P. MackenbachSocioeconomic inequalities in childhood mortality in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review and meta-analysisLancet Glob Health, 8 (7) (2020), pp. e927-e937Google Scholar
101. [101]C. Jandeck, U. Kellner, B. Lorenz, V. SeiberthGuidelines for ophthalmologic screening of premature infantsDer Ophthalmologe : Zeitschrift der Deutschen Ophthalmologischen Gesellschaft, 105 (10) (2008), pp. 955-963, 10.1007/s00347-008-1841-9View in ScopusGoogle Scholar
102. [102]C. Jandeck, U. Kellner, B. Lorenz, V. SeiberthGuidelines for ophthalmological screening of premature infants in GermanyKlinische Monatsblatter fur Augenheilkunde, 225 (2) (2008), pp. 123-130, 10.1055/s-2008-1027168View in ScopusGoogle Scholar
103. [103]J. Jędrzejczak, D. Bomba-Opoń, G. Jakiel, A. Kwaśniewska, D. Mirowska-GuzelManaging epilepsy in women of childbearing age—polish Society of Epileptology and Polish Gynecological Society GuidelinesGinekol Pol, 88 (5) (2017), pp. 278-284, 10.5603/GP.a2017.0053View in ScopusGoogle Scholar
104. [104]U. Jodal, U. LindbergGuidelines for management of children with urinary tract infection and vesico-ureteric reflux. Recommendations from a Swedish state-of-the-art conference. Swedish Medical Research Council. Acta Paediatrica (Oslo, Norway : 1992)Supplement, 88 (431) (1999), pp. 87-89CrossrefView in ScopusGoogle Scholar
105. [105]A. Johansen, J.-C. Holm, S. Pearson, M. Kjærsgaard, L.M. Larsen, B. Højgaard, et al.Danish clinical guidelines for examination and treatment of overweight and obese children and adolescents in a pediatric settingDan Med J, 62 (5) (2015), p. C5024Google Scholar
106. [106]D. Joshi, J. Nayagam, L. Clay, J. Yerlett, L. Claridge, J. Day, et al.UK guideline on the transition and management of childhood liver diseases in adulthoodAliment Pharmacol Ther, 59 (7) (2024), pp. 812-842, 10.1111/apt.17904View in ScopusGoogle Scholar
107. [107]M. Kamphuis, N.H. Obenhuijsen, P. van Dommelen, S. van Buuren, P.H. VerkerkGuideline for preventive child health care: ’detection and referral criteria in short stature’Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd, 154 (18) (2010), p. A2366View in ScopusGoogle Scholar
108. [108]K. Kahn, et al.The role of education in maternal health: evidence from AfricaHealth Policy Plan, 36 (7) (2021), pp. 1092-1100Google Scholar
109. [109]C.-M. Kastorini, E. Critselis, D. Zota, A.L. Coritsidis, M.K. Nagarajan, E. Papadimitriou, et al.National Dietary Guidelines of Greece for children and adolescents: a tool for promoting healthy eating habitsPublic Health Nutr, 22 (14) (2019), pp. 2688-2699, 10.1017/S1368980019001034View in ScopusGoogle Scholar
110. [110]M. Kersting, G. SchöchAchievable guidelines for food consumption to reach a balanced fat and nutrient intake in childhood and adolescenceJ Am Coll Nutr, 11 (Suppl) (1992), pp. 74S-78S, 10.1080/07315724.1992.10737989Google Scholar
111. [111]M. Kingston, J. Wilson, S. Dermont, H. Fifer, K. Chan, H. Lyall, et al.British Association of Sexual Health and HIV (BASHH) UK guidelines for the management of syphilis in pregnancy and children 2024Int J STD AIDS, 35 (14) (2024), pp. 1161-1173, 10.1177/09564624241280387View in ScopusGoogle Scholar
112. [112]S. Kling, H.J. Zar, M.E. Levin, R.J. Green, P.M. Jeena, S.M. Risenga, et al.Guideline for the management of acute asthma in children: 2013 updateSouth Afr Med J = Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif Vir Geneeskunde, 103 (3 Pt 3) (2013), pp. 199-207, 10.7196/samj.6658View in ScopusGoogle Scholar
113. [113]V. Knebusch, J. Williams, I. Yordi Aguirre, M.W. Weber, I. Rakovac, J. BredaEffects of the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic and the policy response on childhood obesity risk factors: gender and sex differences and recommendations for research. Obesity reviews: an official journal of the International Association for the Study ofObesity, 22 Suppl 6(Suppl 6) (2021), Article e13222, 10.1111/obr.13222View in ScopusGoogle Scholar
114. [114]R. Kneen, B.D. Michael, E. Menson, B. Mehta, A. Easton, C. Hemingway, et al.Management of suspected viral encephalitis in children—Association of British Neurologists and British Paediatric Allergy, immunology and infection group national guidelinesJ Inf Secur, 64 (5) (2012), pp. 449-477, 10.1016/j.jinf.2011.11.013View PDFView articleView in ScopusGoogle Scholar
115. [115]S. Koletzko, N.L. Jones, K.J. Goodman, B. Gold, M. Rowland, S. Cadranel, et al.Evidence-based guidelines from ESPGHAN and NASPGHAN for helicobacter pylori infection in childrenJ Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr, 53 (2) (2011), pp. 230-243, 10.1097/MPG.0b013e3182227e90View in ScopusGoogle Scholar
116. [116]S. Koletzko, B. Niggemann, A. Arato, J.A. Dias, R. Heuschkel, S. Husby, et al.Diagnostic approach and management of cow’s-milk protein allergy in infants and children: ESPGHAN GI committee practical guidelinesJ Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr, 55 (2) (2012), pp. 221-229, 10.1097/MPG.0b013e31825c9482View in ScopusGoogle Scholar
117. [117]S. Kumar, et al.Maternal health conditions and their impact on neonatal survival in AfricaBMJ Glob Health, 7 (4) (2022), Article e007321Google Scholar
118. [118]P. Lago, G. Ancora, C.V. Bellieni, A. Cavazza, G. Cocchi, A.M. Guadagni, et al.Italian guidelines and recommendations for prevention and treatment of pain in the newbornLa Pediatria medica e chirurgica : Medical and surgical pediatrics, 28 (1–3) (2006), pp. 24-34View in ScopusGoogle Scholar
119. [119]B.A. Larsson, M. Gradin, V. Lind, B. SelanderSwedish guidelines for prevention and treatment of pain in the newborn infantLakartidningen, 99 (17) (2002), pp. 1946-1949View in ScopusGoogle Scholar
120. [120]A. Laurent-Vannier, M. Nathanson, F. Quiriau, E. Briand-Huchet, J. Cook, T. Billette de Villemeur, et al.A public hearing “shaken baby syndrome: guidelines on establishing a robust diagnosis and the procedures to be adopted by healthcare and social services staff”. Guidelines issued by the hearing commissionAnn Phys Rehabil Med, 54 (9–10) (2011), pp. 600-625, 10.1016/j.rehab.2011.10.002View PDFView articleView in ScopusGoogle Scholar
121. [121]A. Laurent-Vannier, M. Nathanson, F. Quiriau, E. Briand-Huchet, J. Cook, T. Billette de Villemeur, et al.A public hearing. “Shaken baby syndrome: guidelines on establishing a robust diagnosis and the procedures to be adopted by healthcare and social services staff”Scoping Report Ann Phys Rehab Med, 54 (9–10) (2011), pp. 533-599, 10.1016/j.rehab.2011.10.003View PDFView articleView in ScopusGoogle Scholar
122. [122]P. Le Dosseur, N. SannierGuidelines for diagnostic imaging in children and responsibility of the referring physicianArchives de pediatrie : organe officiel de la Societe francaise de pediatrie, 13 (6) (2006), pp. 795-797, 10.1016/j.arcped.2006.03.122View PDFView articleView in ScopusGoogle Scholar
123. [123]J.C. Leclere, R. Marianowski, P.J. Monteyrol, M. Akkari, F. Chalumeau, P. Fayoux, et al.Guidelines of the French Society of Otorhinolaryngology. Role of the ENT specialist in the diagnosis of childhood obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS). Part 1: interview and physical examinationEur Ann Otorhinolaryngol Head Neck Dis, 136 (4) (2019), pp. 301-305, 10.1016/j.anorl.2019.05.017View PDFView articleView in ScopusGoogle Scholar
124. [124]J.-C. Leclere, R. Marianowski, P.J. Monteyrol, M. Akkari, F. Chalumeau, P. Fayoux, et al.Guidelines of the French Society of Otorhinolaryngology. Role of the ENT specialist in the diagnosis of obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS) in children. Part 2: diagnostic investigations apart from sleep studiesEur Ann Otorhinolaryngol Head Neck Dis, 136 (4) (2019), pp. 295-299, 10.1016/j.anorl.2019.05.016View PDFView articleView in ScopusGoogle Scholar
125. [125]R. Léculée, P. CourrègesOne day surgery in children less than 18 years old: French guidelinesArchives de pediatrie : organe officiel de la Societe francaise de pediatrie, 17 (6) (2010), pp. 844-845, 10.1016/S0929-693X(10)70140-8View PDFView articleView in ScopusGoogle Scholar
126. [126]R. Léculée, P. CourrègesOne-day surgery in children less than 18-year-old: about the French guidelines of both national council of paediatric surgery and association of French speaking paediatric anaesthesiologistsAnnales francaises d’anesthesie et de reanimation, 29 (7–8) (2010), pp. 552-553, 10.1016/j.annfar.2010.06.001View PDFView articleView in ScopusGoogle Scholar
127. [127]U. LehmkuhlGuidelines for cooperation between the child and adolescent psychiatry specialty, psychosomatic medicine and psychotherapy and the pharmaceutical industryZ Kinder Jugendpsychiatr Psychother, 34 (4) (2006), pp. 303-305, 10.1024/1422-4917.34.4.303View in ScopusGoogle Scholar
128. [128]F. LennartssonDeveloping guidelines for child health care nurses to prevent nonsynostotic plagiocephaly: searching for the evidenceJ Pediatr Nurs, 26 (4) (2011), pp. 348-358, 10.1016/j.pedn.2010.07.003View PDFView articleView in ScopusGoogle Scholar
129. [129]J. Lerat, A. Bisdorff-Bresson, M. Borsic, C. Chopinet, V. Couloignier, N. Fakhry, et al.Guidelines (short version) of the French society of otorhinolaryngology (SFORL) on cervical lymphatic malformation in adults and children: diagnosisEur Ann Otorhinolaryngol Head Neck Dis, 136 (2) (2019), pp. 109-112, 10.1016/j.anorl.2019.02.005View PDFView articleView in ScopusGoogle Scholar
130. [130]R.W. Licht, P. Vestergaard, L.V. Kessing, J.K. Larsen, P.H. ThomsenPsychopharmacological treatment with lithium and antiepileptic drugs: suggested guidelines from the Danish psychiatric association and the child and adolescent psychiatric Association in DenmarkActa Psychiatr Scand Suppl, 419 (2003), pp. 1-22, 10.1034/j.1600-0447.108.s419.1.xView in ScopusGoogle Scholar
131. [131]E. LortheEpidemiology, risk factors and child prognosis: CNGOF preterm premature rupture of membranes guidelinesGynecol, Obstetriq, Fertilite Senol, 46 (12) (2018), pp. 1004-1021, 10.1016/j.gofs.2018.10.019View PDFView articleView in ScopusGoogle Scholar
132. [132]S. Luque, N. Mendoza-Palomar, D. Aguilera-Alonso, B. Garrido, M. Miarons, A.I. Piqueras, et al.Spanish Society of Hospital Pharmacy and the Spanish Society of Pediatric Infectious Diseases (SEFH-SEIP) National Consensus Guidelines for therapeutic drug monitoring of antibiotic and antifungal drugs in pediatric and newborn patientsFarmacia hospitalaria : organo oficial de expresion cientifica de la Sociedad Espanola de Farmacia Hospitalaria, 48 (5) (2024), pp. 234-245, 10.1016/j.farma.2024.02.012View PDFView articleView in ScopusGoogle Scholar
133. [133]S. Luque, N. Mendoza-Palomar, D. Aguilera-Alonso, B. Garrido, M. Miarons, A.I. Piqueras, et al.[Translated article] Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of antibiotic and antifungical drugs in paediatric and newborn patients. Consensus Guidelines of the Spanish Society of Hospital Pharmacy (SEFH) and the Spanish Society of Paediatric Infectious Diseases (SEIP)Farmacia hospitalaria : organo oficial de expresion cientifica de la Sociedad Espanola de Farmacia Hospitalaria, 48 (5) (2024), 10.1016/j.farma.2024.02.013T234–T245Google Scholar
134. [134]P. Marchisio, B. Bortone, M. Ciarcià, M.A. Motisi, S. Torretta, G. Castelli Gattinara, et al.Updated guidelines for the Management of Acute Otitis Media in children by the Italian Society of Pediatrics: PreventionPediatr Infect Dis J, 38 (12S Suppl) (2019), pp. S22-S36, 10.1097/INF.0000000000002430View in ScopusGoogle Scholar
135. [135]P. Marchisio, L. Galli, B. Bortone, M. Ciarcià, M.A. Motisi, A. Novelli, et al.Updated guidelines for the Management of Acute Otitis Media in children by the Italian Society of Pediatrics: treatmentPediatr Infect Dis J, 38 (12S Suppl) (2019), pp. S10-S21, 10.1097/INF.0000000000002452View in ScopusGoogle Scholar
136. [136]A. Marie-Cardine, D. Berrebi, D. OrbachGuidelines for management of localized inflammatory myofibroblastic tumours in childrenBull Cancer, 98 (2) (2011), pp. 209-216, 10.1684/bdc.2011.1311View PDFView articleView in ScopusGoogle Scholar
137. [137]J.A. Martinez, F. Sassi, L.A. Moreno, J.A. TurPosition guidelines and evidence base concerning determinants of childhood obesity with a European perspectiveObes Rev, 23 (Suppl. 1) (2022), Article e13391, 10.1111/obr.13391View in ScopusGoogle Scholar
138. [138]J.F. Mayberry, A. Lobo, A.C. Ford, A. ThomasNICE clinical guideline (CG152): the management of Crohn’s disease in adults, children and young peopleAliment Pharmacol Ther, 37 (2) (2013), pp. 195-203, 10.1111/apt.12102View in ScopusGoogle Scholar
139. [139]E. Mazur, E. Bochyńska, M. Juda, M. Kozioł-MontewkaEmpirical validation of polish guidelines for the management of acute streptococcal pharyngitis in childrenInt J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol, 78 (1) (2014), pp. 102-106, 10.1016/j.ijporl.2013.10.064View PDFView articleView in ScopusGoogle Scholar
140. [140]N. McIntosh, P. Bates, G. Brykczynska, G. Dunstan, A. Goldman, D. Harvey, et al.Guidelines for the ethical conduct of medical research involving children. Royal College of Paediatrics, Child HealthEthics Advisory Committee Archives of Disease in Childhood, 82 (2) (2000), pp. 177-182, 10.1136/adc.82.2.177View in ScopusGoogle Scholar
141. [141]T. McPherson, L.S. Exton, S. Biswas, D. Creamer, P. Dziewulski, L. Newell, et al.British Association of Dermatologists’ guidelines for the management of Stevens-Johnson syndrome/toxic epidermal necrolysis in children and young people, 2018Br J Dermatol, 181 (1) (2019), pp. 37-54, 10.1111/bjd.17841View in ScopusGoogle Scholar
142. [142]M.L. Mearin, C.M. Kneepkens, R.H. HouwenDiagnosis of celiac disease in children; guidelines for pediatric gastroenterologists. Section of pediatric gastroenterology, Dutch Society of PediatricsNed Tijdschr Geneeskd, 143 (9) (1999), pp. 451-455View in ScopusGoogle Scholar
143. [143]M. Mehanni, B. Kiberd, M. McDonnell, M. O’Regan, T. MathewsReduce the risk of cot death guidelines. The effect of a revised intervention programme. National Sudden Infant Death Register, DublinIr Med J, 92 (2) (1999), pp. 266-269View in ScopusGoogle Scholar
144. [144]L. Mertens, I. Seri, J. Marek, R. Arlettaz, P. Barker, P. McNamara, et al.Targeted neonatal echocardiography in the neonatal intensive care unit: practice guidelines and recommendations for training. Writing Group of the American Society of echocardiography (ASE) in collaboration with the European Association of Echocardiography (EAE) and the Association for European Pediatric Cardiologists (AEPC). Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography : official publication of the American society ofEchocardiography, 24 (10) (2011), pp. 1057-1078, 10.1016/j.echo.2011.07.014View PDFView articleView in ScopusGoogle Scholar
145. [145]S. Meunier, M. Trossaërt, C. Berger, A. Borel-Derlon, G. Dirat, S. Donadel-Claeyssens, et al.French guidelines. Long-term prophylaxis for severe haemophilia a and B children to prevent haemophiliac arthropathyArchives de pediatrie : organe officiel de la Societe francaise de pediatrie, 16 (12) (2009), pp. 1571-1578, 10.1016/j.arcped.2009.08.010View in ScopusGoogle Scholar
146. [146]C. Morciano, A. Vitale, S. De Masi, L. Sagliocca, L. Sampaolo, E. Lacorte, et al.Italian evidence-based guidelines for the management of influenza-like syndrome in adults and childrenAnnali Dell’Istituto Superiore Di Sanita, 45 (2) (2009), pp. 185-192View in ScopusGoogle Scholar
147. [147]A. Moss, D. Kunze, M. WabitschEvidence-based therapy guideline of the German working group on obesity in childhood and adolescenceBundesgesundheitsbl Gesundheitsforsch Gesundheitsschutz, 54 (5) (2011), pp. 584-590, 10.1007/s00103-011-1269-2Google Scholar
148. [148]S. Murch, H. Jenkins, M. Auth, R. Bremner, A. Butt, S. France, et al.Joint BSPGHAN and Coeliac UK guidelines for the diagnosis and management of coeliac disease in childrenArch Dis Child, 98 (10) (2013), pp. 806-811, 10.1136/archdischild-2013-303996View in ScopusGoogle Scholar
149. [149]L.T. NiebrójGenetic medicine: polish deontological guidelines and the ethical practice of research studies with childrenHum Reprod Genet Ethics, 12 (1) (2006), pp. 3-12, 10.1179/hrge.12.1.x68237n0042t6305View in ScopusGoogle Scholar
150. [150]M. Niedziela, D. Handkiewicz-Junak, E. Małecka-Tendera, A. Czarniecka, M. Dedecjus, D. Lange, et al.Diagnostics and treatment of differentiated thyroid carcinoma in children—guidelines of polish National SocietiesEndokrynol Pol, 67 (6) (2016), pp. 628-642, 10.5603/EP.2016.0072View in ScopusGoogle Scholar
151. [151]H. Nuwagaba-Biribonwoha, C. Wang, B. Kilama, F.K. Jowhar, G. Antelman, M.F. Panya, et al.Implementation of antiretroviral therapy guidelines for under-five children in Tanzania: translating recommendations into practiceJ Int AIDS Soc, 18 (1) (2015), Article 20303, 10.7448/IAS.18.1.20303View in ScopusGoogle Scholar
152. [152]S. Olaleye, O. Balogun, F. Adusei-Mensah, R. Agjei, T. AkingbagdeThe drivers and inhibitors of COVID-19 vaccinations: A descriptive approach(2023), 10.1007/978-3-031-27499-2_82Google Scholar
153. [153]G. Oderda, R. OselloEuropean guidelines for helicobacter pylori infection in children. European society of pediatric gastroenterologyMinerva Pediatr, 52 (3) (2000), pp. 119-127View in ScopusGoogle Scholar
154. [154]S. Oliva, C. Romano, P. De Angelis, S. Isoldi, C. Mantegazza, E. Felici, et al.Foreign body and caustic ingestions in children: a clinical practice guidelineDigest Liver Dis: Of J Italian Soc Gastroenterol Italian Assoc Study Liver, 52 (11) (2020), pp. 1266-1281, 10.1016/j.dld.2020.07.016View PDFView articleView in ScopusGoogle Scholar
155. [155]P. Olivier, P. Colarinha, J. Fettich, S. Fischer, J. Frökier, F. Giammarile, et al.Guidelines for radioiodinated MIBG scintigraphy in childrenEur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging, 30 (5) (2003), pp. B45-B50, 10.1007/s00259-003-1138-9Google Scholar
156. [156]J.M. O’Riordan, J. Fitzgerald, O.P. Smith, J. Bonnar, W.A. GormanTransfusion of blood components to infants under four months: review and guidelinesIr Med J, 100 (6) (2007)suppl 1-24 following 496Google Scholar
157. [157]N. Oteman, M.Y. Berger, L.J. Boomsma, T.J. Wiersma, A.N. GoudswaardSummary of the practice guideline “children with fever” (second revision) from the Dutch College of General PractitionersNed Tijdschr Geneeskd, 152 (51–52) (2008), pp. 2781-2786View in ScopusGoogle Scholar
158. [158]J. Pathirana, F.M. Muñoz, V. Abbing-Karahagopian, N. Bhat, T. Harris, A. Kapoor, et al.Neonatal death: case definition & guidelines for data collection, analysis, and presentation of immunization safety dataVaccine, 34 (49) (2016), pp. 6027-6037, 10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.03.040View PDFView articleView in ScopusGoogle Scholar
159. [159]S. PedersenGuidelines for treatment of bronchial asthma in children. Dansk Paediatrisk Selkabs Astma- og AllergiudvalgUgeskr Laeger, 159 Suppl 4 (1997), pp. 1-10View in ScopusGoogle Scholar
160. [160]K. Petitprez, S. Guillaume, B. Hédon, L. SentilhesNormal childbirth: physiologic labor support and medical procedures. Guidelines of the French National Authority for health (HAS) with the collaboration of the French College of Gynaecologists and Obstetricians (CNGOF) and the French College of Midwives (CNSF)—guidelines of the haute Autorité de santé—introductionGynecol, Obstetriq, Fertilite Senol, 48 (12) (2020), pp. 871-872, 10.1016/j.gofs.2020.09.012View PDFView articleView in ScopusGoogle Scholar
161. [161]R.M. Pressler, N.S. Abend, S. Auvin, G. Boylan, F. Brigo, M.R. Cilio, et al.Treatment of seizures in the neonate: guidelines and consensus-based recommendations-special report from the ILAE task force on neonatal seizuresEpilepsia, 64 (10) (2023), pp. 2550-2570, 10.1111/epi.17745View in ScopusGoogle Scholar
162. [162]H.C. Price, K. IsmailRoyal College of psychiatrists liaison faculty & joint British diabetes societies (JBDS): guidelines for the management of diabetes in adults and children with psychiatric disorders in inpatient settingsDiabetic Med: J Brit Diabetic Assoc, 35 (8) (2018), pp. 997-1004, 10.1111/dme.13673View in ScopusGoogle Scholar
163. [163]A. Qureshi, B. Kaya, S. Pancham, R. Keenan, J. Anderson, M. Akanni, et al.Guidelines for the use of hydroxycarbamide in children and adults with sickle cell disease: a British Society for Haematology guidelineBr J Haematol, 181 (4) (2018), pp. 460-475, 10.1111/bjh.15235View in ScopusGoogle Scholar
164. [164]J. Rayner, R. Holt, F. Blinkhorn, K. DuncanBritish Society of Paediatric Dentistry: a policy document on oral health care in preschool childrenInt J Paediatr Dent, 13 (4) (2003), pp. 279-285Google Scholar
165. [165]L. RenesmeNeonatal herpes: epidemiology, clinical manifestations and management. Guidelines for clinical practice from the French College of Gynecologists and Obstetricians (CNGOF)Gynecol, Obstetriq, Fertilite Senol, 45 (12) (2017), pp. 691-704, 10.1016/j.gofs.2017.10.005View PDFView articleView in ScopusGoogle Scholar
166. [166]P. Reynard, J. Ortega-Solís, S. Tronche, V. Darrouzet, H. Thai-VanGuidelines of the French Society of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and neck surgery (SFORL) for vestibular rehabilitation in children with vestibular dysfunction. A systematic reviewArchives de Pediatrie : Organe Officiel de La Societe Francaise de Pediatrie, 31 (4) (2024), pp. 217-223, 10.1016/j.arcped.2024.02.006View PDFView articleView in ScopusGoogle Scholar
167. [167]S. Richmond, J. WyllieEuropean resuscitation council guidelines for resuscitation 2010 section 7Resuscit Babies Birth Resuscit, 81 (10) (2010), pp. 1389-1399, 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2010.08.018View PDFView articleView in ScopusGoogle Scholar
168. [168]K. Rogstad, A. Thomas, O. Williams, G. Forster, P. Munday, A. Robinson, et al.UK National Guideline on the Management of Sexually Transmitted Infections and Related Conditions in children and Young people (2009)Int J STD AIDS, 21 (4) (2010), pp. 229-241, 10.1258/ijsa.2009.009353View in ScopusGoogle Scholar
169. [169]C. Romagnoli, G. Barone, S. Pratesi, F. Raimondi, L. Capasso, E. Zecca, et al.Italian guidelines for management and treatment of hyperbilirubinaemia of newborn infants ≥ 35 weeks’ gestational ageItal J Pediatr, 40 (1) (2014), p. 11, 10.1186/1824-7288-40-11View in ScopusGoogle Scholar
170. [170]I. Ruys-Dudok van Heel, A.F. Cohen, J.M. Wit, A.J. van der Heijden, J.N. van den Anker, A.H. van MeursClinical drug research in children: current international guidelines. Committee for Proprietary Medicinal ProductsNed Tijdschr Geneeskd, 142 (1) (1998), pp. 6-9View in ScopusGoogle Scholar
171. [171]B.K. Sandhu, J.M.E. Fell, R.M. Beattie, S.G. Mitton, D.C. Wilson, H. JenkinsGuidelines for the management of inflammatory bowel disease in children in the United KingdomJ Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr, 50 (Suppl. 1) (2010), pp. S1-13, 10.1097/MPG.0b013e3181c92c53View in ScopusGoogle Scholar
172. [172]D. Schultz-Lampel, B. SchönbergerGuidelines of the German urologists on the diagnosis of bladder malfunctions in childrenDer Urologe Ausg A, 43 (9) (2004), pp. 1147-1156, 10.1007/s00120-004-0644-0View in ScopusGoogle Scholar
173. [173]P.J. Schwartz, A.J. Garson, T. Paul, M. Stramba-Badiale, V.L. Vetter, C. WrenGuidelines for the interpretation of the neonatal electrocardiogram. A task force of the European Society of CardiologyEur Heart J, 23 (17) (2002), pp. 1329-1344, 10.1053/euhj.2002.3274View in ScopusGoogle Scholar
174. [174]I. Sermet-Gaudelus, S.J. Mayell, K.W. SouthernGuidelines on the early management of infants diagnosed with cystic fibrosis following newborn screeningJ Cyst Fibros, 9 (5) (2010), pp. 323-329, 10.1016/j.jcf.2010.04.008View PDFView articleView in ScopusGoogle Scholar
175. [175]L.J.P. Sonnemans, M.E.M. Vester, E.E.M. Kolsteren, J.J.H.M. Erwich, P.G.J. Nikkels, P.A.M. Kint, et al.Dutch guideline for clinical foetal-neonatal and paediatric post-mortem radiology, including a review of literatureEur J Pediatr, 177 (6) (2018), pp. 791-803, 10.1007/s00431-018-3135-9View in ScopusGoogle Scholar
176. [176]J. Stańczyk, B. Kierzkowska, P. Podolec, G. Kopeć, B. Cybulska, T. Zdrojewski, et al.Polish forum for Prevention guidelines on cardiovascular diseases prevention in children and adolescentsKardiol Pol, 68 (5) (2010), pp. 605-608View in ScopusGoogle Scholar
177. [177]D.C. Stavleu, R.L. Mulder, D.M. Kruimer, L.C.M. Kremer, W.J.E. Tissing, E.A.H. LoeffenLess restrictions in daily life: a clinical practice guideline for children with cancerSupport Care Cancer, 32 (7) (2024), p. 419, 10.1007/s00520-024-08537-9View in ScopusGoogle Scholar
178. [178]R. Sümpelmann, K. Becke, S. Brenner, C. Breschan, C. Eich, C. Höhne, et al.Perioperative intravenous fluid therapy in children: guidelines from the Association of the Scientific Medical Societies in GermanyPaediatr Anaesth, 27 (1) (2017), pp. 10-18, 10.1111/pan.13007View in ScopusGoogle Scholar
179. [179]D. Sweet, G. Bevilacqua, V. Carnielli, G. Greisen, R. Plavka, O.D. Saugstad, et al.European consensus guidelines on the management of neonatal respiratory distress syndromeJ Perinat Med, 35 (3) (2007), pp. 175-186, 10.1515/JPM.2007.048View in ScopusGoogle Scholar
180. [180]D.G. Sweet, V. Carnielli, G. Greisen, M. Hallman, E. Ozek, R. Plavka, et al.European consensus guidelines on the management of neonatal respiratory distress syndrome in preterm infants-2010 updateZhonghua er ke za zhi = Chinese journal of pediatrics, 49 (1) (2011), pp. 27-33View in ScopusGoogle Scholar
181. [181]D.G. Sweet, V. Carnielli, G. Greisen, M. Hallman, E. Ozek, R. Plavka, et al.European consensus guidelines on the management of neonatal respiratory distress syndrome in preterm infants—2013 updateNeonatology, 103 (4) (2013), pp. 353-368, 10.1159/000349928View in ScopusGoogle Scholar
182. [182]A. Szadkowska, A. Chobot, B. Głowińska-Olszewska, P. Jarosz-Chobot, B. Mianowska, M. Myśliwiec, et al.Guidelines of the polish Society of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology and pediatric section of diabetes Poland on insulin therapy using hybrid closed-loop systems in children and adolescents with diabetes in PolandPediatr Endocrinol Diabetes Metab, 30 (3) (2024), pp. 132-147, 10.5114/pedm.2024.144041View in ScopusGoogle Scholar
183. [183]M. Tanwar, B. Lloyd, P. JuliesChallenging behaviour and learning disabilities: Prevention and interventions for children with learning disabilities whose behaviour challenges: NICE guideline 2015Arch Dis Child Educ Pract Ed, 102 (1) (2017), pp. 24-27, 10.1136/archdischild-2015-309575View in ScopusGoogle Scholar
184. [184]T. Tapiainen, J. Aittoniemi, J. Immonen, H. Jylkkä, T. Meinander, K. Nuolivirta, et al.Finnish guidelines for the treatment of community-acquired pneumonia and pertussis in childrenActa Paediatrica (Oslo, Norway : 1992), 105 (1) (2016), pp. 39-43, 10.1111/apa.13177View in ScopusGoogle Scholar
185. [185]T. Tapiainen, J. Aittoniemi, J. Immonen, H. Jylkkä, T. Meinander, K. Nuolivirta, et al.Finnish guidelines for the treatment of laryngitis, wheezing bronchitis and bronchiolitis in childrenActa Paediatrica (Oslo, Norway: 1992), 105 (1) (2016), pp. 44-49, 10.1111/apa.13162View in ScopusGoogle Scholar
186. [186]E. Taylor, J. Sergeant, M. Doepfner, B. Gunning, S. Overmeyer, H.J. Möbius, et al.Clinical guidelines for hyperkinetic disorder. European Society for Child and Adolescent PsychiatryEur Child Adolesc Psychiatry, 7 (4) (1998), pp. 184-200, 10.1007/s007870050067View in ScopusGoogle Scholar
187. [187]A. Thomas, G. Forster, A. Robinson, K. RogstadNational guideline for the management of suspected sexually transmitted infections in children and young peopleArch Dis Child, 88 (4) (2003), pp. 303-311, 10.1136/adc.88.4.303View in ScopusGoogle Scholar
188. [188]D. Turck, C.P. Braegger, C. Colombo, D. Declercq, A. Morton, R. Pancheva, et al.ESPEN-ESPGHAN-ECFS guidelines on nutrition care for infants, children, and adults with cystic fibrosisClinical Nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland), 35 (3) (2016), pp. 557-577, 10.1016/j.clnu.2016.03.004View PDFView articleView in ScopusGoogle Scholar
189. [189]H.W. van Velzen-Mol, M.N. Blankespoor, M.M. Wagenaar-Fischer, F.J. van LeerdamThe guideline “detection of visual disorders at the age of 0-19” from the Dutch Association of Child Health CareNed Tijdschr Geneeskd, 147 (41) (2003), pp. 2012-2017View in ScopusGoogle Scholar
190. [190]R. Vanhoof, P. Gillis, O. Stévart, C. Boland, O. Vandenberg, F. Fux, et al.Transmission of multiple resistant Salmonella Concord from internationally adopted children to their adoptive families and social environment: proposition of guidelinesEur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis, 31 (4) (2012), pp. 491-497, 10.1007/s10096-011-1336-5View in ScopusGoogle Scholar
191. [191]S. Vergnano, J. Buttery, B. Cailes, R. Chandrasekaran, E. Chiappini, E. Clark, et al.Neonatal infections: case definition and guidelines for data collection, analysis, and presentation of immunisation safety dataVaccine, 34 (49) (2016), pp. 6038-6046, 10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.03.046View PDFView articleView in ScopusGoogle Scholar
192. [192]G. Verlato, D. Gobber, D. Drago, L. Chiandetti, P. DrigoGuidelines for resuscitation in the delivery room of extremely preterm infantsJ Child Neurol, 19 (1) (2004), pp. 31-34, 10.1177/088307380401900106011View in ScopusGoogle Scholar
193. [193]L. Viereck, M. Kramer, T. Eikmann, W. König, W.D. Bertges, R. Gableske, et al.Determining guidelines for metals in children’s playgrounds in North Rhine-WestphaliaOffentl Gesundheitswes, 53 (1) (1990), pp. 7-15Google Scholar
194. [194]Vitamin K to newborn infants should be administered intramuscularly according to the new guidelines from the National Board of Health and Welfare, Lakartidningen, 88 (17) (1991), p. 1600Google Scholar
195. [195]D. Voak, R. Cann, R.D. Finney, I.D. Fraser, R. Mitchell, M.F. Murphy, et al.Guidelines for administration of blood products: Transfusion of infants and neonates. British Committee for Standards in Haematology blood transfusion task forceTransfus Med (Oxford, England), 4 (1) (1994), pp. 63-69, 10.1111/j.1365-3148.1994.tb00245.xView in ScopusGoogle Scholar
196. [196]D. Wackernagel, A. Gustafsson, A.-K. Edstedt Bonamy, A. Reims, F. Ahlsson, M. Elfving, et al.Swedish national guideline for prevention and treatment of neonatal hypoglycaemia in newborn infants with gestational age ≥35 weeksActa Paediatrica (Oslo, Norway: 1992), 109 (1) (2020), pp. 31-44, 10.1111/apa.14955View in ScopusGoogle Scholar
197. [197]P. Watts, G. Adams, S. Biswas, P. Davis, P. Leach, I.C. Lloyd, et al.Abusive head trauma and the eye in infants and children—clinical guideline update by the royal college of ophthalmologists and the royal college of paediatrics and child health: executive summaryEye (Lond), 38 (10) (2024), pp. 1783-1786, 10.1038/s41433-024-02977-7View in ScopusGoogle Scholar
198. [198]S.L. Weiss, M.J. Peters, W. Alhazzani, M.S.D. Agus, H.R. Flori, D.P. Inwald, et al.Executive summary: surviving Sepsis campaign international guidelines for the Management of Septic Shock and Sepsis-Associated Organ Dysfunction in childrenPediatr Crit Care Med, 21 (2) (2020), pp. 186-195, 10.1097/PCC.0000000000002197View in ScopusGoogle Scholar
199. [199]S.L. Weiss, M.J. Peters, W. Alhazzani, M.S.D. Agus, H.R. Flori, D.P. Inwald, et al.Surviving sepsis campaign international guidelines for the management of septic shock and sepsis-associated organ dysfunction in childrenIntensive Care Med, 46 (Suppl. 1) (2020), pp. 10-67, 10.1007/s00134-019-05878-6View in ScopusGoogle Scholar
200. [200]A. Wollenberg, S. Barbarot, T. Bieber, S. Christen-Zaech, M. Deleuran, A. Fink-Wagner, et al.Consensus-based European guidelines for treatment of atopic eczema (atopic dermatitis) in adults and children: part IJ Euro Acad Dermatol Venereol: JEADV, 32 (5) (2018), pp. 657-682, 10.1111/jdv.14891View in ScopusGoogle Scholar
201. [201]A. Wray, R. WelburyUK National Clinical Guidelines in Paediatric dentistry: treatment of intrinsic discoloration in permanent anterior teeth in children and adolescentsInt J Paediatr Dent, 11 (4) (2001), pp. 309-315, 10.1046/j.1365-263x.2001.00300.xView in ScopusGoogle Scholar
202. [202]H.J. Zar, P. Jeena, A. Argent, R. Gie, S.A. MadhiDiagnosis and management of community-acquired pneumonia in childhood—South African Thoracic Society guidelinesSouth Afr Med J = Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif Vir Geneeskunde, 95 (12 Pt 2) (2005)977–981, 984–990Google Scholar
203. [203]A. Yarparvar, J.M. Jewell, A. Al-JawaldehRegional overview on maternal and child nutrition and examples of nutrition governance and policy responses: Europe, Central Asia and eastern Mediterranean regionsAnn Nutr Metab, 75 (2) (2019), pp. 135-138, 10.1159/000503673View in ScopusGoogle Scholar
204. [204]K. Zdunek, D. Alexander, P. Schröder-Bäck, M. Rigby, M. BlairFactors influencing the uptake of evidence in child health policymaking: results of a survey among 23 European countriesHealth Res Policy Syst, 19 (1) (2021), p. 136, 10.1186/s12961-021-00786-yView in ScopusGoogle Scholar
205. [205]K. Zdunek, P. Schröder-Bäck, D. Alexander, M. Rigby, M. BlairContextual determinants of CHILDREN’S health care and policy in EuropeBMC Public Health, 19 (1) (2019), p. 839, 10.1186/s12889-019-7164-8View in ScopusGoogle Scholar
206. [206]F. Adusei-Mensah, R.O. Agjei, L.O. Awoniyi, L.K. David, F.B. Awoniyi, O.S. Adeyemi, et al.Prevention and control of acute respiratory viral infections in adult population: a systematic review and meta-analysis on ginseng-based clinical trialsClin Trad Med Pharmacol, 6 (1) (2025), Article 200200, 10.1016/j.ctmp.2025.200200View PDFView articleGoogle Scholar
207. [207]H. Ulfsdottir, M. Grandahl, J. Björk, S. Karlemark, C. EkéusThe association between pre-eclampsia and neonatal complications in relation to gestational ageActa Paediatrica (Oslo, Norway: 1992), 113 (3) (2024), pp. 426-433, 10.1111/apa.17080View at publisherView in ScopusGoogle Scholar
208. [208]T. Kredo, E. Effa, N. Mbeye, D. Mabetha, B.-M. Schmidt, A. Rohwer, et al.Evaluating the impact of the global evidence, local adaptation (GELA) project for enhancing evidence-informed guideline recommendations for newborn and young child health in three African countries: a mixed-methods protocolHealth Res Policy Syst, 22 (1) (2024), p. 114, 10.1186/s12961-024-01189-5